A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

1D NMR  one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy  2D NMR  two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy  ANOVA  analysis of variance  AP-1  activator protein 1  CC  column chromatography  CDCl3  deuterated chloroform  C/EBP  CCAAT/enhancer binding protein  CHCl3  chloroform  COSY  correlation spectroscopy in 2D NMR  DCM  dichloromethane  EGFP  enhanced green fluorescent protein  ESI-MS  electrospray ionization mass spectrometry  DMEM  Dulbecco׳s modified Eagle׳s medium  DMSO  dimethyl sulfoxide  EtOAc  ethyl acetate  EtOH  ethanol  FBS  fetal bovine serum  HEK293  human embryonic kidney 293  HMBC  heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy in 2D NMR  HPLC  high performance liquid chromatography  HSQC  heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy in 2D NMR  IC50  half maximal inhibitory concentration  IκB  inhibitor of kappa B  IL-6  interleukin 6  IL-1β  interleukin-1 beta  MeOH  methanol  NF-κB  nuclear factor κB  NMR  nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy  PE  petroleum ether  PPARγ  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ  TCM  traditional Chinese medicine  TLC  thin layer chromatography  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  Trans-N-(p-coumaroyl)tyramine (PubChem CID: 5372945)  Trans-N-feruloyltyramine (PubChem CID: 5280537)  Trans-N-caffeoyltyramine (PubChem CID: 9994897)  Dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (PubChem CID: 16119668)  CHEMBL2337120 (PubChem CID: 71524307)  CHEMBL2337119 (PubChem CID: 71524308)  CHEMBL2337118 (PubChem CID: 71524309)  CHEMBL2337115 (PubChem CID: 71719510)  CHEMBL2337117 (PubChem CID: 71524310)  Lycium chinense Miller  Lycii Radicis Cortex  NF-κB  PPARγ  Phenolic amides  Fatty acids  

IL-17  interleukin-17  Th17  T helper 17  IL-17R  IL-17 receptor  STAT3  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3  RORγ  retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ  IRF4  interferon regulatory factor 4  ERK  extracellular signal-regulated kinase  Ets1  E26 transformation-specific 1  15(S)-HETE  15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid  SF1  alternative splicing factor  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinase  PPARγ  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ  TRAF  tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor  TAK1  transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1  TAB  TAK1-binding protein  IKK  IκB kinase  NF-κB  nuclear factor kappa-B  IKKi  inducible IKK  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  C/EBP  CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein  AP1  activator protein 1  USP  ubiquitin-specific protease  CXCL  CXC chemokine ligand  ASF  alternative splicing factor  Hsp90  heat shock protein 90  RCT  reverse cholesterol transport  ABCA1  ATP-binding cassette transporter A1  apo E  apolipoprotein E  LDLR  low-density lipoprotein receptor  FABP4  fatty acid-binding protein-4  IL-17A  IL-17RA  IL-17RC  Lipid metabolism  Atherosclerosis  

Il-2 System  Ilf2  Transcription Factor  Eriocheir Sinensis  Immune Response