Insulin  Diabetes  mellitus  Type  1  Diabetic  ketoacidosis  Hemoglobin  A1c  

Body mass index (BMI)  Cost-utility analysis (CUA)  Glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1C)  Obesity  Quality-adjusted life years (QALY)  roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)  Total healthcare costs  Type 2 diabetes(T2D)  

ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  BUN  blood urea nitrogen  BW  body weight  BG  blood glucose  DCFDA  dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate  DN  diabetic nephropathy  ECL  enhanced chemiluminescence  EM  electron microscopy  EMT  epithelial–mesenchymal transition  HbA1C  hemoglobin A1c  HE  hematoxylin-eosin  IF  immunofluorescence  IHC  immunohistochemistry  KW  kidney weight  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  MDA  malondialdehyde  MFI  median fluorescence intensity  MMP  mitochondrial transmembrane potential  MMT  methyl methane-thiosulphonate  MPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore  MSU  monosodium urate  MtROS  mitochondria reactive oxygen species  PAS  periodic acid-Schiff  Scr  serum creatinine  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triglyceride  TBARS  thiobarbituric acid reactive substances  TPP  triphenylphosphonium  TRX  thioredoxin  TXNIP  thioredoxin-interacting protein  TUNEL  terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling  8-OHdG  8-oxo-deoxyguanosine  UA  uric acid  Diabetic nephropathy  Mitochondria  Reactive oxygen species (ROS)  TRX/TXNIP  NLRP3 inflammasome  MitoQ  

A-type procyanidins  Oxidative stress  Glucose homeostasis  Type 2 diabetes  mTOR  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  BAT  brown adipose tissue  FAS  fatty acid synthase  FFA  free fatty acid  FoxO3a  Forkhead box O3a  FoxO1a  Forkhead box O3a  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  GHbA1c  glycated hemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GLP-1  glucagon-like peptide-1  GSH-PX  total glutathione peroxidase  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  LDHA  lactate dehydrogenase  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  MDA  malondialdehyde  MnSOD  manganese superoxide dismutase  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  S6K1  S6 Kinase 1  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  RTK  receptor tyrosine kinase  SREBP-1c  sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  FAS  fatty acid synthase  SCD1  stearoyl CoA desaturase 1  STZ  streptozotocin  S6K1  S6 kinase 1  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  STZ  streptozotocin  T-AOC  total antioxidant capacity  T-SOD  total superoxide dismutase  UCP-1  uncoupling protein 1  WAT  white adipose tissue  XOS  xylo-oligosaccharides  

A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer