AT-1  angiotensin II type 1 receptor  VSMC  vascular smooth muscle cell  TGF-β1  transforming growth factor-β1  Ang-II  angiotensin II  ECM  extracellular matrix  CKD  chronic kidney disease  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  UUO  unilateral ureteral obstruction  EMT  epithelial–mesenchymal transition  CAD  coronary artery disease  PAI-1  plasminogen activator inhibitor-1  SphK1  sphingosine kinase1  Post-MI  post-myocardial infarction  BMCs  bone marrow cells  HSCs  hepatic stellate cells  BA  biliary atresia  AII  angiotensin II  ET-1  endothelin-1  PDGFRβ  platelet-derived growth factor receptor β  ALC  alcoholic liver cirrhosis  HCV  hepatitis C virus  BA  biliary atresia  BPD  bronchopulmonary dysplasia  ARDS  acute respiratory distress syndrome  OA  oleic acid  PH  pulmonary hypertension  KLF2  Kruppel-like factor 2  Apelin–APJ  Renal fibrosis  Cardiac fibrosis  Liver fibrosis  Pulmonary fibrosis  

Psychological stress  Toll-like 4  NF-κB  Cytokines  Innate immune  Atherosclerosis  HPA  hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal  SAM  sympathetic-adrenal-medullary  SNS  sympathetic nervous system  Th1, Th2  T helper cell type1, T helper cell type 2  NE  norepinephrine  CRF  corticotropin-releasing factor  POMC  proopiomelanocortin  ACTH  adrenocorticotropic hormone  α-MSH  alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone  CNS  central nervous system  CRP  C-reactive protein  CD  cluster of differentiation  NK  natural killer  CMV  cytomegalovirus  HSV  herpes simplex virus  VZV  varicella zoster virus  IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10  interleukin-1, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10  NF-κB  nuclear factor-κB  PBMCs  peripheral blood monocytes  apoE−/− mice  apolipoprotein E knockout mice  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  TLRs, TLR4  Toll-like receptors, Toll-like receptor 4  PRRs  pattern-recognition receptors  SRs  scavenger receptors  oxLDL  oxidized low density lipoprotein  PAMPs  pathogen-associated molecular patterns  PNI  psychoneuroimmunology  GC  glucocorticoid  MR  mineraloreceptor  GR  glucocorticoid receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor-alpha  LPS  lipopolysaccharide  APPs  acute phase proteins  APR  acute phase response  HSP  heat shock protein  EDA  extra domain A  DAMPs  damage-associated molecular patterns  siRNA  small interfering RNA  MAPKs  mitogen activated protein kinases  MyD88  myeloid differentiation factor-88  TRIF  TIR domain-containing adapter protein inducing IFN-β  ACS  acute coronary syndrome  CHD  coronary heart disease  M-CSF  macrophage-colony-stimulating factor  ICAM-1  intercellular adhesion molecule-1  VCAM-1  vascular cell adhesion molecule-1  MMPs  matrix-degrading matrix metalloproteinases  β-AR  beta-adrenergic receptor  CI  confidence interval