ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  BUN  blood urea nitrogen  BW  body weight  BG  blood glucose  DCFDA  dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate  DN  diabetic nephropathy  ECL  enhanced chemiluminescence  EM  electron microscopy  EMT  epithelial–mesenchymal transition  HbA1C  hemoglobin A1c  HE  hematoxylin-eosin  IF  immunofluorescence  IHC  immunohistochemistry  KW  kidney weight  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  MDA  malondialdehyde  MFI  median fluorescence intensity  MMP  mitochondrial transmembrane potential  MMT  methyl methane-thiosulphonate  MPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore  MSU  monosodium urate  MtROS  mitochondria reactive oxygen species  PAS  periodic acid-Schiff  Scr  serum creatinine  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triglyceride  TBARS  thiobarbituric acid reactive substances  TPP  triphenylphosphonium  TRX  thioredoxin  TXNIP  thioredoxin-interacting protein  TUNEL  terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling  8-OHdG  8-oxo-deoxyguanosine  UA  uric acid  Diabetic nephropathy  Mitochondria  Reactive oxygen species (ROS)  TRX/TXNIP  NLRP3 inflammasome  MitoQ  

A-type procyanidins  Oxidative stress  Glucose homeostasis  Type 2 diabetes  mTOR  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  BAT  brown adipose tissue  FAS  fatty acid synthase  FFA  free fatty acid  FoxO3a  Forkhead box O3a  FoxO1a  Forkhead box O3a  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  GHbA1c  glycated hemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GLP-1  glucagon-like peptide-1  GSH-PX  total glutathione peroxidase  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  LDHA  lactate dehydrogenase  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  MDA  malondialdehyde  MnSOD  manganese superoxide dismutase  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  S6K1  S6 Kinase 1  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  RTK  receptor tyrosine kinase  SREBP-1c  sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  FAS  fatty acid synthase  SCD1  stearoyl CoA desaturase 1  STZ  streptozotocin  S6K1  S6 kinase 1  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  STZ  streptozotocin  T-AOC  total antioxidant capacity  T-SOD  total superoxide dismutase  UCP-1  uncoupling protein 1  WAT  white adipose tissue  XOS  xylo-oligosaccharides