Endotoxemia  Interferon Regulatory Factor-1  Macrophage  Mitochondrial DNA  Mitochondrial Damage  Oxidative Stress Response  

4E-BP1  4E binding protein  AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  ATF6  activating transcription factor 6  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  DEPTOR  DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein  CI  complexes I  CII  complex II  CIII  complex III  CIV  complex IV  CV  complex V  eIF2α  Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α  ER  Endoplasmic Reticulum  ERAD  ER-associated degradation  ERO1α  ER oxidoreductase 1 α  FoxO1  Forkhead box O1  GβL  G Protein β Subunit Like Protein  GRP78  78 kDa glucose-regulated protein precursor  GSIS  glucose-stimulated insulin secretion  IRE1  Inositol-requiring enzyme 1  IRS1  Insulin receptor substrate 1  IRS2  Insulin receptor substrate 2  mLST8  mammalian lethal with sec-13 protein 8  mSin1  the mammalian stress-activated MAP kinase-interaction protein 1  mtDNA  mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid  mTOR  mammalian TOR  mTORC1  mTOR complex 1  mTORC2  mTOR complex 2  NADPH oxidase  Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase  NOS  nitric oxide synthase  O2–·  superoxide anion  H2O2  hydrogen peroxide  OH·  hydroxyl radical  3O2  triplet-state molecular oxygen  OXPHOS  oxidative phosphorylation  CAT  catalase  GPx  glutathioneperoxidase  PERK  Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase  PDI  ER protein disulfide isomerases  PI3K  the phosphoinositide3-kinase  PRAS40  40-kDa proline-rich Akt substrate  PRAS40  the 40-kDa proline-rich Akt substrate  PROTOR  the protein observed with RICTOR  RAPTOR  regulatory-associated protein of mTOR  RICTOR  The rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR  REDD1  DNA damage response 1  RNS  reactive nitrogen species  ROS  reactive oxygen species  RNS  reactive nitrogen species  S6K  S6 kinase  SOD  superoxidedismutase  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TOR  the target of rapamycin  TSC2  Tuberous sclerosis 2  UPR  unfolded protein response  Mitochondrial oxidative stress  ER stress  mTOR  Pancreatic β cells  

ARE  antioxidant responsive element  Bax  BCL2-associated X protein  Chop10 or Gadd153  C/Ebp-homologous protein  Egr1  early growth response factor  Gadd45  growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein  Gclm  glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit  Gclc  glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit  Ho-1  hemeoxygenase-1  IL-1β  interleukin 1 beta  Keap1  Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1  MIP-2  macrophage inflammatory protein 2  mKC  mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine  MT-1  metallothionein-1  Nqo1  NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1  Nrf2  nuclear factor E2-related factor-2  P450  cytochrome P450  STIM1  stromal interaction molecule 1  MAFG  v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G  Furosemide  Nrf2  Hepatotoxicity  ER stress  Oxidative stress  Inflammation  

AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  CaMKKβ  Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β  C/EBPβ  CAAT enhancer-binding protein β  CHOP  C/EBP homologous protein  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  ERAD  ER-associated protein degradation  ERSE  ER stress element  ETC  electron transport chain  GRP75  glucose-regulated protein 75  HFD  high fat diet  HSPs  heat-shock proteins  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  MAD  mitochondria-associated protein degradation  mtHSP60  mitochondrial HSP60  mtHsp70  mitochondrial HSP70  mTORC1  mammalian target of rapamycin signaling complex 1  MURE1  Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Element 1  MURE2  Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response Element 2  NAFLD  nonalcoholic fatty liver disease  NDUFB2  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2  OXPHOS  oxidative phosphorylation  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α  QC  quality control  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TGs  triglycerides  UPRer  ER-specific unfolded protein response  UPRmt  mitochondrial unfolded protein response  Insulin resistance  Diabetes  Mitochondria  ER stress  Unfolded protein response