| 题名 | 多溴联苯醚在典型区域的迁移、转化及来源解析 |
| 作者 | 张永飞 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-11 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 傅珊 |
| 关键词 | 多溴联苯醚 北京 工业区 土壤 大气 植物 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers Beijing Typical industrial area Soil air plant |
| 其他题名 | Transport, transformation and source analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the typical industrial areas |
| 学位专业 | 环境工程 |
| 中文摘要 | 多溴联苯醚是目前受到广泛关注的持久性有机污染物，最初作为阻燃剂被添加到各种产品中，由于认识到其危害，近年来五溴联苯醚和八溴联苯醚已经被大部分国家和地区禁止生产。但大量研究发现多溴联苯醚已经成为全球性的环境污染物，对其环境行为的研究已经成为当前环境科学的一大热点，然而我国针对城市工业区的污染调查研究才刚刚起步。 城市区域内的一些工业区是多溴联苯醚的潜在污染源，由于城市内人口密集，其对周边环境的影响需要重点关注。本文对北京地区三个工业区域（垃圾焚烧厂、化工厂和热电厂）中多种环境介质，包括土壤、大气颗粒物（PM2.5、PM10和总悬浮颗粒物）、气相以及多种类植物样品的多溴联苯醚的污染现状、分布规律、污染来源及迁移转化开展系统研究。 对三个工业区不同采样点采集的土壤样品中多溴联苯醚污染状况及变化趋势进行了调查研究。污染均以十溴代和五溴代两类同系物为主，且土壤中42种单体的总浓度随着与工厂距离的增加而降低。垃圾焚烧厂周边的土壤污染最严重，样品平均浓度远高于另外两个工业区，最高浓度更是达到了118 ng/g，接近电子垃圾拆解区等高污染地区。化工厂周边各土壤样品浓度接近，平均浓度低于焚烧厂，但所有样品的浓度都超过城区或郊区土壤背景值。热电厂位于北京市西北方，污染程度最轻。该工业区西北方向两个土壤样品的浓度接近北京城区背景值。 对大气污染状况的研究表明，三个工业区周边空气中的多溴联苯醚在气相中以三溴和四溴代同系物为主，颗粒相中则以十溴和五溴代同系物为主。空气中的多溴联苯醚污染主要集中于颗粒物中，其中又以细颗粒物为最重要污染物载体。三种类型工业区的大气污染特征明显：垃圾焚烧厂大气中污染物浓度与厂区距离和风向存在明显相关性。化工厂大气污染状况较复杂，污染分布不均一且无明显相关性，下风向大气中污染物浓度明显高于其他采样点，最高比值达到50倍，浓度为7483 pg/m3，推测由于存在其它污染来源。热电厂大气中多溴联苯醚污染水平与焚烧厂接近，总量平均浓度为150 pg/m3,但该区域点源污染特征明显，对周边区域污染的影响较低。 在以上工作基础之上开展污染来源解析，通过研究同系物相关性以及分布规律，发现垃圾焚烧厂与化工厂具有相似性，均是以五溴联苯醚与十溴联苯醚工业品为主要污染来源，而热电厂仅以十溴联苯醚工业品为主要污染来源。 对三个工业区内多种代表性草本植物中多溴联苯醚污染状况进行了调查研究，各类草本植物叶片内均存在多溴联苯醚污染。不同种类植物叶片中多溴联苯醚的污染程度差异较大，从0.68 ng/g到56.5 ng/g。多个工业区中PBDEs含量在大狗尾草叶片中均有很高检出，在未来的研究中会重点关注。 |
| 英文摘要 | Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are one of the families of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). PBDEs are intentionally produced by industry as technical mixtures, for use as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. Recently, certain commercial mixtures of PBDEs (penta and octa formulations) were banned in many countries because of their environmental health risks. However, an increasing number of studies have provided that PBDEs are still widespread pollutants all over the world. Researches on environmental contamination from PBDEs have become a hot field. However, the contamination status in urban environment, -especially in typical industrialized regions should not be ignored. In our study, we focused on three typical industrialized regions in Beijing, because these industries (including a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical plant and a thermal power plant) were potential pollution sources of PBDEs. This comprehensive study on PBDEs should investigate the polluted status of PBDEs based on the surface soil, particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP), gas and some herbaceous plants samples; study the distribution of PBDEs between various environmental matrixes; identify pollution source and also discuss the behaviors of migration and transformation. Occurrence of PBDEs in surface soil in these typical industrial areas in Beijing was investigated. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDEs contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 and penta-BDEs being the main congeners, respectively. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plant increased. According to the pollution status of PBDEs, the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners was 118 ng/g dry mass at the solid waste incineration plant. This pollution level was similar to those in heavy polluted areas, such as e-waste recycling site. In the chemical plant, the concentrations of PBDEs were all at the same level of pollution in the surface soil, were lower than those in the solid waste incineration plant in the present study, and were higher than those in the background soils in urban or rural areas. The pollution level of the thermal power plant was relatively lower than those in the other industrial areas. The contamination levels of PBDEs in two surface soil samples collected from the thermal power plant were close to the background level. PBDEs were determined in the air collected from these typical industrial areas in Beijing. Among the PBDE homologues, the dominant PBDEs detected in the aerosol were tri-BDEs and tetra-BDEs, while the main pollutions were penta-BDEs and BDE-209 in the particulate matters. PM2.5 was relatively the most polluted media. Pollution characteristics in the air showed obvious differences in these areas. In the incineration plant, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners were significantly related to the distance away from the plant and the wind direction. In the chemical plant, the contamination status was more complex. There were no significant factors having relationship with the pollution levels. The highest total concentration of PBDEs was 7483 pg/m3 in the southeast of this region, which was much higher than those in the other sampling sites. Moreover, source analysis indicated that there was additional input of PBDEs in this area. In the thermal power plant, this pollution level averaged 150 pg/m3, which was similar to those in the solid waste incineration plant in the present study. However, the influence region of the thermal power plant was limited to the surrounding area. The total concentrations of PBDEs tended to decrease rapidly as the distance from this plant increased. Source analysis was conducted by the correlation and distribution of PBDE congener patterns. The major source of PBDEs in the incineration plant and the chemical plant might be potentially associated with the penta-BDEs and deca-BDE, while the prevalent use of Deca-BDE as a flame retardant probably was the pollution source in the thermal power plant. In this study, the concentrations of PBDEs in the different types of herbaceous plants were also measured. The concentrations of PBDEs in the leaves of the herbaceous plants ranged from 0.68 to 56.5 ng/g dry mass. The contamination levels of PBDEs in the different plants collected from these typical industrial areas were of obvious differences. Serious PBDEs pollution was found in S. faberii Herrm. S. faberii Herrm. was found with high ability of accumulation of PBDEs and will be paid more attention in the follow up study. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-07 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15623]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张永飞. 多溴联苯醚在典型区域的迁移、转化及来源解析[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
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