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题名	基于河流水环境容量的梯级水库调度研究——以南广河流域为例
作者	李勇
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2007
授予单位	中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所
授予地点	成都
导师	程根伟
关键词	南广河 水环境容量 梯级水库群 调度规则
其他题名	Study on cascade reservoir operating based on water environment capacity ——a case study for the Nanguang River
学位专业	自然地理学
中文摘要	水是构成生态环境系统的基本要素，也是人类社会赖以生存和发展的不可替代的重要自然资源。水资源包括水量资源、水质资源和水能资源，构成了水资源的自然、经济社会和生态环境等三大特性。随着我国经济的快速发展，现代农业、现代工业特别是高新技术产业、旅游服务业的蓬勃兴起，对水质、水环境提出了越来越高的要求。然而，当前为了缓减我国能源紧张局势，不少地方大小河流的水电站一哄而上，跑马圈水，造成河流水电开发各自为政的混乱局面。片面地追求发电经济利益最大化的过程中，不断挤占生态和环境用水，致使河流水质下降，生态系统功能衰竭，造成区域生态环境发生不可逆转性的变迁。如何在水电开发中减少对水环境的影响已成为生态、环境、水利、水电等领域关注的焦点。虽然当前对河流水环境容量及水库调度技术方面的研究较多，但对水电站建成后，如何在调度运行过程中保持和提升水环境容量，提高水质等方面研究较少。为此，在水电站运行调度过程中考虑水环境容量的研究对可持续利用有限的水资源具有重要的意义。本文以南广河干流梯级水电站为例，系统地研究了水电站坝下水环境容量及保持河流健康生态的最小径流量，并以此为基础，模拟研究了基于不同水质目标条件下（II、III类水质标准，III类水质标准下再分不考虑和考虑下游水环境容量两种情景），以及最高保证下泄流量条件下等三种情况（方案），对梯级库群发电出力状况、坝下径流以及水环境容量进行了对比分析，为实现水电运行过程中的生态调度做出探索性研究。概括起来，本论文研究取得的主要成果归纳如下：（1）本文在对南广河流域自然经济社会广泛了解的基础上，对水资源的水量资源和水能资源以及水能开发对环境的影响进行了综合的归纳和总结。（2）在对流域内各区县可降解有机物污染物来源调查的基础上，按照流域干、支水系及流域面积将工业污染、城市生活污染以及面源污染（包括农村生活污染、农田径流污染、畜禽养殖污染、城市径流污染）统计分析，建立水域——入河排污口——主要污染源三位一体的数据支撑，并将污染物计算到干流各河段。在分析5种水环境容量计算模型，以及根据污染物迁移特性建立的水质模拟模型分析研究的基础上，结合南广河流域实际，选择CODCr和NH3-N为易降解有机物代表，进行水质模拟，并使用稀释－自净模型开展CODCr和NH3-N水环境容量计算。（3）水环境容量计算中水文条件的设计是最为关键的环节之一。在分析南广河河道特征的基础上，根据河道正常水深、过水断面湿周、水面宽度以及水力半径、径流模数等之间的关系，建立流量—平均水深—河宽高阶方程，采用试算法，计算出不同径流条件下水流速度。解决在实际工作中采取实测办法来初略估计不同地段水流速度造成计算误差的缺点。（4）根据各河段污染物数量、污染物特性、水文条件等分析，确定了南广河干流在III类水质目标下各水电站坝下河道水环境容量。研究区河段石碑口以上最小径流量为8.35m3/s，石碑口至两河口段为19.88 m3/s，两河口至油罐口段为29.84 m3/s，符江至来复段为39.4 m3/s，来复至月江段为41.52 m3/s，月江至河口段为48.74 m3/s。鉴于油罐口至符江段水质中CODCr超标不严重，主要是NH3-N超标，以及高县文江镇下游大约有近4km出现NH3-N超标的具体实际情况，通过计算，在最枯月份上游水库下泄水量保持在35.4m3/s才能够使文江镇以下仅4km水质完全达标。（5）基于在III类水质目标条件下调度运行分析。通过编制模拟系统程序，研究不考虑坝下河道水环境容量最小径流量（Qwec=0时）和考虑坝下河道水环境最小径流量（Qwec＞0时）两种情况下，分析石碑口、曹营、油罐口、来复以及月江梯级电站群在1980～1985（水文年）的发电出力及发电变化情况。结果表明，当Qwec=0时5年研究区水电站群发电量为17.46亿kW·h；当Qwec＞0时比Qwec=0时5年发电总量减少了2245.5万kW·h，其减少量主要集中在油罐口水电站。（6）基于在III类水质目标条件下坝下径流分析，以1981年（水文年）为例，分析坝下天然状态、Qwec=0和Qwec>0三种情况下的径流过程基本相似。其中石碑口、曹营、油罐口三个水电站在丰水期削减洪峰流量能力比较强，具有较大的调蓄能力。其中油罐口水电站在天然流量小于40m3/s有33d，其中径流量小于35.4m3/s有10d，不能满足下游河道水环境最小径流量；上游水库群在Qwec=0情况下，坝下径流量小于40m3/s有26d，其中径流量小于35.4m3/s有7d，仍然不能满足下游河道水环境最小径流量；上游水库群在Qwec>0情况下，坝下径流量小于40m3/s有33d，全部坝下径流量均大于35.4m3/s，能够完全满足坝下河段水质达标的要求。（7）基于II类水质目标条件下调度运行分析与研究表明，即使在研究区农村生活污染源和农田面源污染源降低20％的基础上，油罐口至来复水电站段出现水质超标现象，企图通过油罐口水库的调度运行达到目标要求。通过调度运行分析，油罐口水电站最高保证下泄流量为50m3/s，远远不能满足要求。按照油罐口水电站最高保证下泄流量进行调度运行，研究区库群发电量将增加1.13亿kW·h，平均每年增加发电量2260万kW·h。要使油罐口至来复水电站段水质达到II类水质目标，必须在高县县城和筠连县城修建城市生活污水处理厂和垃圾处理厂，加大对重点排污企业的技术改造，减少排污量，提高出厂水质，降低CODCr和NH3-N排放量。（8）基于最高保证下泄流量（即，基于上游来水与水库现存水量条件下，保证电站正常运行的最大下泄流量）的调度运行。在保证最高下泄流量联合调度下，油罐口最高保证下泄流量为50m3/s，来复水电站为73m3/s，月江水电站为83m3/s。在最高保证下泄流量运行下，研究区水电站群5年减少发电量与考虑II类水质目标调度运行条件下减少21275.9万kW·h，与考虑III类水质目标调度运行条件下减少11311.9万kW·h。虽然此方案调度运行中，发电量明显减少，但是水环境容量明显增加，其坝下径流量相对III类水质目标条件下最小径流量增长非常明显。其中油罐口水电站增长42％，来复水电站增长78.1％，月江水电站增长51.2％。本论文通过三种不同方案水库群的调度运行分析与比较，以实例说明水电工程的建设可以增加下游的枯水流量，对改善下游水质是有利的。特别是原有河道污染严重时，由于水库的调度，枯水流量增加，河流的稀释与自净能力相应增加，从而使水质得到显著的改善。水库群的调节作用能够解决研究区内河道水质问题，为解决丘陵地区水质问题提供了新的思考与方法。
英文摘要	Water is the basic element of the ecological environment system. It also is irreplaceable and adjustable natural resource which important for survival and development of the human society. Water resources include water quantity resources, water quality resources and hydropower resources. They make up of nature, economy society and ecological environment characters of water resources. With economic rapid development, modern agriculture, modern industries, especially high-tech industries and tourisms quickly rise. High quality and environment of water resources are demanded. However, in order to alleviate energy shortage, many hydroelectric powers were built in all kind of rivers without unified planning. So the chaotic situation was caused by the river hydropower development. Ecological and environment water constantly was diverted during blindly pursuit maximal economic interests of power generation. Result in water quality decreased and ecosystem function exhausted. And it caused irreversible ecological environment changes in some region. How to alleviate the effect of hydropower development on water environmental has been a focus which concerned by ecology, environment, water conservancy and hydropower fields. At present many research focus on water reservoir capacity and operatiing technology. But the research of how to improve the water quality in the course of operation, upgrade and maintain water capacity was fewer. Therefore, it is important to research water environment capacity in the process of hydroelectric power operating and water reservoir scheduling for the sustainable use of limited water resources.This study took cascade hydropower of Nanguang river as example. Minimal runoff quantity of water environment capacity under hydropower dam was systematic studied. And on the basis of these simulated hydropower situation of cascade reservoir, runoff situation under hydropower dam and water environment capacity with different water quality objectives (II, III water quality standards, took into account minimal runoff quantity of water environment capacity or not and the maximum guarantee discharge), and made exploratory study for the ecological operation of hydropower. In general, the main achievements of this study were concluded as follows:(1) On the basis of broad understanding natural and economic society of Nanguang River included and summarized the quantity and hydropower of water resources and the effect of hydropower development on environment comprehensively.(2) On the basis of investigating of biodegradable organic pollutants in counties and regions of Nanguang River industrial pollution, urban pollution and non-point pollution which including pollution from rural life, farm runoff, livestock and urban runoff were statistic analyzed according to main stream, Tributaries and river basin area. The data of hydrological basin, pollution discharge outlets and main pollution sources were built and the pollutants were calculated in stream segment. On the basis of analyzing five water capacity analysis model and water quality model which built according to the mobile characteristics of pollutants simulated water quality by using model which suit for research regions and calculated water environment capacity by using dilution- self-purification model according to the practical situation.(3) Hydrological condition is one of most crucial elements of water capacity calculation. On the basis of analyzing the stream channel characters of Nanguang River the equation of higher order was built according to the relationships of water depth, wet perimeter, breadth of water surface, hydraulic radius and modulus of runoff. And the flow rate under different flow conditions was calculated by using trial-and-error method. Calculation error from that primary estimate flow rate of different sections according to actual test method in practice was resolved. (4) Minimal runoff quantity of water environment capacity under every hydropower dam was analyzed according to the quantity and characteristic of pollutants and hydrological conditions. In research region the upstream from Shibeikou was 8.35m3/s, from Shibeikou to Lianghekou was 19.88m3/s, from Lianghekou to Youguankou was 29.84m3/s, from Fujian to Laifu was 39.4m3/s, from Laifu to Yuejiang was 41.52m3/s and from Yuejiang to river outlet was 48.74m3/s. From Youguankou to Fujiang CODCr super-standard was not serious and principally was NH3-N super-standard. In Wenjiang town of Gao country nearly 4km at downstream appeared N super-standard. In view of this situation outlet quantity maintain 35.4m3/s from upstream reservoirs in low-water season could make 4km downstream water quality reach standard from Wanjiang town through calculation.(5) On the basis of making certain minimal runoff quantity of water environment capacity under every hydropower dam researched take into account minimal runoff quantity of water environment capacity under hydropower dam (Qwec＞0) of not (Qwec=0) and analyzed power generation and its variation from 1980-1985 in cascade hydropower including Shibeikou, Caoying, Youguankou, Laifu and Yuejiang. The results showed that Total hydropower generating quantity was 4.771 billon kW•h respectively in 5 years with Qwec=0. Compared with Qwec=0 total hydropower generating quantity decreased 2244.7 kW•h with Qwec＞0.(6) Took 1981 as example, found that the process of runoff was similar at situations of natural, Qwec=0 and Qwec>0. The ability of cutting flood peak in high water period was stronger at hydropower of Shibeikou, Caoying, Youguankou and they had higher ability of regulate impoundage. In Youguankou hydropower with Qwec=0 there were 33 days which runoff quantity less than 40 m3/s and 10 days which runoff quantity less than 40m3/s. With Qwec>0 there were 33 days which runoff quantity less than 40 m3/s and all runoff quantity more than 35.4 m3/s. So it completely reached the water quality standard of under hydropower dam. Showed that could resolve water quality of river in research region through reservoirs regulation and could provide new thought and method for resolving water quality of hilly ground.(7) The analysis and research of reservoirs operating based on II water quality showed that even on the condition of reducing 20% of country living polluting resource and farmland surface polluting resource in research area the river water quality from Youguankou to Laifu still exceeded standard. And this study wanted to achieve II water quality through reservoirs operating. The maximum guarantee discharge of Youguankou was 50m3/s through reservoirs operating analysis and it was far from river water quality request. The quantity of electricity generated would increase 0.113 billion kW·h and annual electricity generated would increase 22.6 million kW·h according to reservoirs operating under the maximum guarantee discharge. In order to making the river water quality from Youguankou to Laifu achieved II water quality, the living sewage factory and garbage factory must be built in Gaoxian and Junlian counties. At the same time, the technology alteration must be strengthening in important polluting enterprise, the pollutant must be reduced, the water quality must be improved and the quantity of CODCr and NH3-N must be reduced. (8) The reservoir operating based on the maximum guarantee discharge, which meant the maximum discharge on the basis of upstream water and the existing water in the reservoirs. The maximum discharge of Youguankou was 50 m3/s, Laifu was 73 m3/s and Yuejiang was 83 m3/s with the combined operating on the maximum guarantee discharge. The reducing electricity generated of hydropower groups in study area for five years was 212.759 million kW·h compared with the reservoirs operating at considering II water quality and was 113.119 million kW·h compared with the reservoirs operating at considering III water quality. With this scenario of operating the electricity generated decreased clearly but the quantity of water environment capacity increased significantly. And the minimum runoff under dam also increased clearly compared with the reservoirs operating at considering III water quality. Thereof Youguankou increased 42%, Laifu increased 78.1% and Yuejiang increased 51.2%.  In this study through analyzed and compared three different programs reservoir groups operating illustrated that the construction of hydropower projects could increase the downstream water flows at dry season and it was beneficial to improve the downstream water quality. Especially when original river pollution was serious the water flows increased at dry season and river dilution and self-purification capacity also increased because of the reservoirs operating, so that the water quality was improved significantly. The reservoir groups operating could resolve the problem of the river water quality. So it could provide new ideas and methods for solve the problem of water quality in hilly areas.
学科主题	水文地质学 ; 生态学
公开日期	2011-07-21
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://192.168.143.20:8080/handle/131551/3285]
专题	成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前）
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	李勇. 基于河流水环境容量的梯级水库调度研究——以南广河流域为例[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2007.

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