| 题名 | 西藏自然保护区可持续性研究 |
| 作者 | 董科 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2007 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 钟祥浩 |
| 关键词 | 管理机制 资金机制 自然保护区可持续发展 适宜面积 定量评价 濒危度 濒危等级 生态功能亚区 土地利用程度 |
| 其他题名 | Study on Sustainability of Nature Reserves in Tibet |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 自然保护区是学术界广泛关注的议题。我国自然保护区的规模增长很快，且多位于欠发达地区，与周边社区发展的矛盾突出。可持续发展要求自然保护区的生态系统不被破坏，而社区的人文经济系统得到发展。西藏自然保护区的面积及其比例是各省区最大的，现共408579 km2。由于管理问题，对地方经济产生了一定制约作用。由于人口密度小、土地开发程度低，西藏保护区的备选空间还很大。本文探讨西藏保护区可持续发展的评价方法与适宜面积，可推动自然保护学的发展，有重要的现实意义和理论价值。评价西藏自然保护区现状，在级别分配上，国家级、省级的面积过大，占绝大部分；市、县级的过小，畸轻畸重，很不协调。在类型比例上，结构不够合理，森林生态、内陆湿地类偏少，荒漠生态类面积过大，现缺少草原草甸、古生物遗迹类保护区。此外，还存在资金严重匮乏、管理不规范、机构不健全、本底资料不完备、科研薄弱等问题。本文广泛查阅了国内外保护区发展状况及问题的文献。从自然生态条件、资金与管理、社区发展3方面，总结提出保护区可持续性评价的指标体系，并用它评价个案——珠峰自然保护区。10位专家评分的平均结果为74分，该保护区处于中等可持续程度。它的生态条件在西藏很优越，面积基本适宜，但资金不太充足，管理水平一般，社区发展落后。根据保护对象确定保护面积，是本文设计自然保护区的主要依据。改进物种濒危度(E)的算法，首次定量评价西藏的国家重点保护物种。统计西藏有国家Ⅰ级保护动物39种，共计算56种动物、31种植物。结果显示，E值最高的动物是滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)、喜马拉雅塔尔羊(Hemitragus jemlahicus)(0.7)，植物是巨柏(Cupressus gigantea)(0.75)；最低的Ⅰ级动物是黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)(0.25)，植物是天麻(Gastrodia elata)(0.3)。按E值高低将它们划分成4个濒危等级：极危种(0.6~0.8)、濒危种(0.4~0.6)、敏感种(0.2~0.4)、较安全种(≤0.2)。动植物各自1/2以上的物种属于濒危种。本文列出16个生态功能亚区E值最大的5种动物和1种植物，统计各区的Ⅰ级动物、Ⅰ~Ⅲ级植物种数，发现其规律：藏东南亚区(Ⅰ1)有22种动物、20种植物，前5种动物平均E值最大，物种多样性、稀有性突出。计算出各区的土地利用程度，以表示自然性。进而设计保护区面积比例(R)公式，求出各亚区的面积(N)。按R值确定优先保护等级，各区可分为4个级别。R值和N值最大的仍是Ⅰ1亚区，最小的是“四河”源亚区(Ⅳ4)。本文认为西藏保护区现有规模基本适宜，但布局还需调整。规划保护总面积约428357km2，比实际数值大约19777km2，为新建保护区预留了空间。 |
| 英文摘要 | Nature reserve is an issue causing extensive concern in the academic community. Size of nature reserves (NR) in China has grown rapidly, and they are mostly situated in under-developed areas, thus contradiction between them and development of peripheral community is evident. Sustainable development requires that ecosystem of NRs is not damaged, while human-economic system of its community keeps advancement. Area and ratio of NRs about 408579 km2 in Tibet is the largest among all provinces, which produces restrictive function on local economy by reason of management problem. Due to low population density and degree of land exploitation, available space of NR in Tibet is very wide. Evaluation methodology of sustainable development and proper size of NR in Tibet is discussed in this paper, which has major theoretical and practical significance, and may promote advancement of nature conservation theory.Present status of NRs in Tibet is evaluated. On grade distribution, it is absonant that size of state-level and province-level are excessively large, containing almost entirely of the NRs; while that of city-level and county-level are too small. On proportion of types, the composition is not reasonable enough that NR of forest ecology and inland wetland types are relatively less; while type of desert ecology is too large; lacking of type of steppe and meadow, as well as ancient life relic. In addition, there are disadvantages such as serious want of funds, nonstandard management, undound organization, incomplete background materials and weak scientific research etc.The author has widely consulted literature on development situation and issue of NRs at home and abroad. From 3 aspects of ecological conditions, funds and management and community development, an index system of evaluation on sustainability of NR is brought forward by summaring, and is used to evaluate an individual case—Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve. Average result of assessment by 10 scholars is 74 points, which means this NR is at medium degree of sustainability. Its ecological conditions are superior in Tibet, size is basically appropriate, but funds are not fully adequate, managerial level is ordinary, and community development falls behind.Ascertaining size of conservation according to objects under conservation, which is main basis for designing nature reserve of this dissertation. Computational method of endangerment degree (E) is improved, species under special state protection in Tibet are evaluated quantificationally for the first time. By statistics, Tibet has 39 first-class animal species, and altogether 56 animals and 31 plants are calculated. The results reveal that Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti), Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)(0.7) and gigantic cypress (Cupressus gigantea)(0.75) have the highest E respectively in animals and plants; black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis)(0.25) and rhizoma gastrodiae (Gastrodia elata)(0.3) are the lowest of grade Ⅰ animals and plants. Species are categorized into 4 ranks according to E: critically endangered (0.6~0.8), endangered (0.4~0.6), vulnerable (0.2~0.4) and lower risk (≤0.2). More than half of animal and plant species belong to endangered level.This dissertation enumerates 5 animals and 1 plant with the highest E, as well as number of grade Ⅰ animal and Ⅰ~Ⅲ plant species in 16 sub-ecozones, and discovers some laws: sub-ecozone of southeastern Tibet (Ⅰ1) has 22 animals and 20 plants, while its average E of first 5 animals is the maximal, so its biodiversity and rarity are outstanding. Degree of land utilization is reckoned to represent naturality. Then formula about proportion (R) of NR is framed, thus area (N) of NR in each sub-ecozone is found. Sub-ecozones fall into 4 ranks of prior conservation based on value R. Ⅰ1 sub-ecozone still holds the maximum R and N; sub-ecozone of 4-river source (Ⅳ4) has the minimum. This dissertation considers present size of NRs in Tibet is fundamentally appropriate, but their distribution needs adjustment. Total area of planned NRs is approximately 428357 km2, about 19777km2 larger than the actual value, which sets aside room for future NRs beforehand. |
| 学科主题 | 自然地理学 |
| 公开日期 | 2011-07-15 |
| 分类号 | Q152; S759.9 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://192.168.143.20:8080/handle/131551/3283]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 董科. 西藏自然保护区可持续性研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2007. |
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