| 题名 | 黄海三角洲水文过程对湿地系统格局的影响研究 |
| 作者 | 李胜男 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 成都 |
| 导师 | 王根绪 ; 邓伟 |
| 关键词 | 黄河三角洲 水沙变化 水盐动态 景观格局 水文过程 主成分分析 |
| 其他题名 | Effects of the Hydrology Process on Wetland Landscape Pattern in the Yellow River Delta, China |
| 学位专业 | 自然地理学 |
| 中文摘要 | 近代黄河三角洲百年的成陆史，一方面塑造了丰富的国土资源，另一方面由于成陆时间短、地下潜水位高、土壤易盐渍化等展现出生态环境的脆弱性。为揭示湿地系统复杂因素影响下湿地格局与水文过程的演进规律与相互关系，本研究以黄河三角洲为实验研究区域，通过大量的野外观测试验及数据资料分析，采用景观生态学的原理和方法以及相关分析和主成分分析法，在时间尺度上，以水沙变化和气候条件变化对湿地景观格局演变的影响为主要研究内容；在空间尺度上，以受海陆两相交汇、河海两相作用下的地下水及土壤各要素的变化对植被空间分布的影响为主要研究内容，开展“湿地-水文(河海交互作用)-植被”之间相互关系的探讨，研究了黄河三角洲湿地水沙变化、地下水要素、及受河海交互作用影响的土壤要素、风暴潮以及石油开发等人为因素对湿地系统格局及不同植被群落空间分布的影响，为进一步探讨湿地系统水文与生态过程的耦合机理奠定基础，对三角洲湿地的资源开发与环境保护具有重要的指导意义。经过2007-2009年近两年的观测实验及资料调查，得到了大量翔实可靠的数据资料，主要研究结论如下： (1)在过去的16年间(1986-2001年)，黄河三角洲主要湿地景观面积逐渐减少。芦苇沼泽湿地、草甸湿地和滨海湿地分别减少了17%， 37%和38%；由于黄河径流量减少甚至断流的影响，整个三角洲湿地面积逐渐缩减，景观格局发生了巨大变化。 (2)径流量和输沙量变化是影响湿地景观演变的主要因素。统计回归分析结果显示，主要湿地景观类型面积与进入三角洲的河流径流量和输沙量之间呈显著正相关，并且进入黄河三角洲的河流径流量大致在200×108-300×108 m3、输沙量大致在5×108-8×108 t，是维持湿地景观格局稳定的适宜径流过程和输沙过程。 (3)黄河三角洲自然保护区地下水埋深及化学成分变化受河海交互作用的影响呈现出一定的规律性，对湿地植物群落的空间分布产生很大影响。在空间分布上距海岸越远地下水埋深越大，在时间尺度上地下水埋深变化与潮沟内潮汐水位变化具有相对一致的规律性。地下水化学组成中Na+、Mg2、Cl-、SO42-含量较高，表现出为受海水影响的明显特征。在空间分布上，地下水矿化度及化学组成的变化呈现由沿海到内陆的规律性变化。随着植物群落类型的不同和距海远近的差异，从沿海向内陆，植物群落由光板地-翅碱蓬滩涂-碱蓬群落-碱蓬獐茅群落-芦苇群落-农田群落，地下水矿化度、Cl-、Na+、Mg2+含量成分的含量呈现距海岸渐远逐渐减少的趋势。 (4)黄河三角洲湿地土壤性质受黄河淡水和海水的双重影响，具有明显的空间异质性，不同植物群落下土壤性质也具有很大的差异。土壤含水量、含盐量在北部退化湿地区由近海岸向陆地逐渐减少；在东部新生湿地区则由河床向背河方向逐渐增加。不同植物群落生物量与土壤含盐量之间呈显著负相关(R=-0.868)。土壤有机质和全氮含量距海岸越远呈现逐渐增加的趋势，全磷含量逐渐减少，由于受成土母质的影响全钾含量没有明显的规律性。不同植物群落生物量、密度、相对盖度受土壤有机质、全氮含量影响比较大。 (5)影响黄河三角洲湿地系统发育与演替的水文要素很多，水沙变化是影响湿地系统格局演变的主导因素，受河海交互作用影响的土壤与地下水也是影响三角洲湿地水分、盐分变化，从而导致湿地系统植被空间分布的主要因素之一。通过对黄河三角洲湿地径流、气候条件以及土壤、地下水等20个环境要素的主成分分析，影响湿地系统格局演变的径流气候因素可以被归纳为3大类，即径流量、气温和降水；在空间上影响植被分布的土壤及水环境要素可以被归纳为5类，即盐分要素、养分要素、HCO3-、地下水埋深和CO32-。 总之，黄河水是动力，泥沙是其物质基础，黄河不断决口、改道、冲淤及泥沙填充塑造了面积广大的黄河三角洲湿地，由于其独特的地理位置，其水文过程明显地受到海陆两相交汇、河海两相作用的影响，使得土壤、地下水等具有受海洋和河流两相影响的特点，海岸侵蚀和风暴潮灾害、气候变化以及人类活动带来的影响，综合造就了现有的黄河三角洲湿地系统格局。 |
| 英文摘要 | Hundred years of land-forming history of the modern delta of Yellow River , has created rich land resources on the one hand, on the other hand, generated a vulnerable ecological environment, due to the short time span of land-forming, high water tables and its soil being readily salinized. In order to reveal the evolving rules of wetland pattern and hydrological processes and their interactions under the influence of complex factors, this dissertation adopts methods of landscape ecology, uses correlation analysis and principal component analysis(PCA), and elucidates the characteristics of wetland landscape pattern and their interactions under different settings of runoff, groundwater, and soil conditions, thereby laying the foundation for further investigation of the coupling mechanism between hydrological and ecological processes，and giving guidance on the resource exploitation and environment protection of delta wetlands. The dissertation, in the time scale, focuses on the impacts of runoff and sediment variation, and climate change on the evolution of wetland pattern, while in the space scale，concentrates on the impacts of groundwater and soil variation, due to the interactions between marine and terrestrial environment, on the spatial arrangement of vegetation. The dissertation attempts to investigate the interactions among wetland, hydrology and vegetation, gain a large amount of full, accurate and reliable data via nearly 2 years of observational experiments and relevant information collection from 2007-2009，and draw the major conclusions as follows： Tremendous changes have happened to the Yellow River Delta Wetland over the period of 1986-2001, with the main types of wetland landscape including reed marsh wetland, meadow wetland, coastal wetland having decreased significantly. Its evolution has mainly been controlled by discharge of surface runoff and sediment, and the areas of the three main wetland landscape types demonstrate significant positive correlation with discharge of runoff and sediment. Estimates of the runoff and sediment entering the Yellow River Delta annually ranges from 200-300 billion m3 and 5-8 million tons respectively, which are considered the appropriate amount to sustain the stability of the wetland landscape pattern. The groundwater depth fluctuations influenced by interaction between fluvial and marine processes in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve displays a clear pattern , i.e. the farther away from the sea the higher the groundwater depth,the less the content of Na+,Mg2+,Cl－and SO42－, and the variation of the water table shows some consistency with that of the tidal water level. Due to the different vegetation community types and varying with the distance away from the sea, there is a decreasing trend in the groundwater salinity, Cl-, Na+, Mg2+ and SO42-. Parameters of soil properties influenced by interactions between marine and terrestrial environment show apparent variabilities in space scale as well. Soil water content and salinity in the northern degraded zone have different characteristics from those in the eastern newborn zone, i.e. the northern degraded zone reveals a trend of gradual decrease from near the coast to inland, while the eastern newborn zone has a trend of gradual increase from the riverbed to away from the river bank. The biomass of different vegetation community types displays a significant negative correlation with soil salinity（R=-0.868）. From the sea to inland, SOM and TN show a trend of increase, and TP manifests a trend of decrease, while TK does not show any clear pattern. SOM and TN have a great impact on vegetation biomass, density, and coverage. There are various factors affecting the development and evolution of wetland landscape pattern. By principal component analysis of more than 20 environmental factors such as runoff, climate, soil and groundwater, it is found that the principal hydrometeorological factors influencing the wetland landscape pattern of Yellow River Delta are runoff, temperature, and precipitation, and the principal pedological and aquatic factors affecting spatial pattern of vegetation are salinity, nutrients, HCO3－,groundwater depth and CO32－. To sum up, with the Yellow River as the driving force，the vast Delta wetland has been formed. Due to the unique geographic position，its hydrological processes are significantly subjected to the influences of the interactions between marine and terrestrial environment, as well as fluvial and marine processes, the evidence of which can be easily found in the soil and groundwater traits. Factors such as the runoff and sediment discharge, pedological and aquatic factors, coastline erosion, storm surge hazards, climate change, human activities all contribute to the current pattern of Yellow River Delta wetland. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 学科主题 | 水文地理学 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-13 |
| 分类号 | X17;X79 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.imde.ac.cn/handle/131551/2158]  |
| 专题 | 成都山地灾害与环境研究所_成都山地所知识仓储（2009年以前） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李胜男. 黄海三角洲水文过程对湿地系统格局的影响研究[D]. 成都. 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所. 2009. |
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