Plasticity and Multiplicity of Trophic Modes in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium and Their Pertinence to Population Maintenance and Bloom Dynamics

doi:10.3390/jmse9010051

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	Plasticity and Multiplicity of Trophic Modes in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium and Their Pertinence to Population Maintenance and Bloom Dynamics
	Yang, Huijiao 1,2,3; Hu, Zhangxi 1,2,3; Tang, Ying Zhong 1,2,3
刊名	JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
	2021
卷号	9 期号:1 页码:21
关键词	Karlodinium trophic modes phagotrophy mixotrophy
DOI	10.3390/jmse9010051
通讯作者	Hu, Zhangxi(zhu@qdio.ac.cn) ; Tang, Ying Zhong(yingzhong.tang@qdio.ac.cn)
英文摘要	As the number of mixotrophic protists has been increasingly documented, "mixoplankton", a third category separated from the traditional categorization of plankton into "phytoplankton" and "zooplankton", has become a new paradigm and research hotspot in aquatic plankton ecology. While species of dinoflagellates are a dominant group among all recorded members of mixoplankton, the trophic modes of Karlodinium, a genus constituted of cosmopolitan toxic species, were reviewed due to their representative features as mixoplankton and harmful algal blooms (HABs)-causing dinoflagellates. Among at least 15 reported species in the genus, three have been intensively studied for their trophic modes, and all found to be phagotrophic. Their phagotrophy exhibits multiple characteristics: (1) omnivority, i.e., they can ingest a variety of preys in many forms; (2) flexibility in phagotrophic mechanisms, i.e., they can ingest small preys by direct engulfment and much bigger preys by myzocytosis using a peduncle; (3) cannibalism, i.e., species including at least K. veneficum can ingest the dead cells of their own species. However, for some recently described and barely studied species, their tropical modes still need to be investigated further regarding all of the above-mentioned aspects. Mixotrophy of Karlodinium plays a significant role in the population dynamics and the formation of HABs in many ways, which thus deserves further investigation in the aspects of physiological ecology, environmental triggers (e.g., levels of inorganic nutrients and/or presence of preys), energetics, molecular (genes and gene expression regulations) and biochemical (e.g., relevant enzymes and signal molecules) bases, origins, and evaluation of the advantages of being a phagotroph.
资助项目	Key Deployment Project of Centre for Ocean MegaResearch of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences[COMS2019Q09] ; National Science Foundation of China[41776125] ; National Science Foundation of China[41976134] ; National Science Foundation of China[61533011]
WOS研究方向	Oceanography
语种	英语
出版者	MDPI
WOS记录号	WOS:000610344600001
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://ir.qdio.ac.cn/handle/337002/170041]
专题	海洋研究所_海洋生态与环境科学重点实验室
通讯作者	Hu, Zhangxi; Tang, Ying Zhong
作者单位	1.Qingdao Natl Lab Marine Sci & Technol, Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci, Qingdao 266237, Peoples R China 2.Chinese Acad Sci, Ctr Ocean Mega Sci, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China 3.Chinese Acad Sci, CAS Key Lab Marine Ecol & Environm Sci, Inst Oceanol, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Yang, Huijiao,Hu, Zhangxi,Tang, Ying Zhong. Plasticity and Multiplicity of Trophic Modes in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium and Their Pertinence to Population Maintenance and Bloom Dynamics[J]. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,2021,9(1):21.
APA	Yang, Huijiao,Hu, Zhangxi,&Tang, Ying Zhong.(2021).Plasticity and Multiplicity of Trophic Modes in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium and Their Pertinence to Population Maintenance and Bloom Dynamics.JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING,9(1),21.
MLA	Yang, Huijiao,et al."Plasticity and Multiplicity of Trophic Modes in the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium and Their Pertinence to Population Maintenance and Bloom Dynamics".JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 9.1(2021):21.