Biogenic Origin of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone   in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Electron Microscopic and EDX Evidence

doi:10.1007/s10126-008-9124-7

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	Biogenic Origin of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Electron Microscopic and EDX Evidence
	Wang, Xiaohong ; Schlossmacher, Ute ; Wiens, Matthias ; Schroeder, Heinz C. ; Mueller, Werner E. G.
刊名	marine biotechnology
	2009
关键词	Manganese nodules Biomineralization Clarion-Clipperton zone Microorganisms Bacteria (cocci) Bacteria (rods) Biogenic manganese MANGANESE NODULES FERROMANGANESE NODULES SUBERITES-DOMUNCULA SILICEOUS SPICULES ESCHERICHIA-COLI SILICATEIN-ALPHA OXIDATION BACTERIOLOGY BIOSILICA SEDIMENTS
DOI	10.1007/s10126-008-9124-7
英文摘要	Polymetallic/ferromanganese nodules (Mn-nodules) have been assigned a huge economic potential since they contain considerable concentrations of manganese, copper, nickel, iron, and cobalt. It has been assumed that they are formed by, besides hydrogenous, nonbiogenic processes, biogenic processes based on metabolic processes driven by microorganisms. In the present study, we applied the techniques of digital optical microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy to search for microorganisms in Mn-nodules. They were collected from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and are composed of Mn (23.9%), Cu (0.69%), Ni (1.02%), Fe (10.9%), and Co (0.29%). These Mn-nodules, between 2.3 and 4.8 cm, show a distinct lamination; they are composed of small-sized micronodules, 100 to 450 mu m in size, which are bound together by an interstitial whitish material. In the micronodules, a dense accumulation of microorganisms/bacteria could be visualized. Only two morphotypes exist: (1) round-shaped cocci and (2) elongated rods. The cocci (diameter: approximate to 3.5 mu m) are arranged in bead-like chains, while the rods (approximate to 2 x 0.4 mu m) are arranged either as palisades or in a linear row. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses showed that the areas rich in microorganisms/bacteria are also rich in Mn, while in regions where no microorganisms are found, the element Si is dominant. We suggest that growth of the Mn-nodules starts with the formation of "micronodules." The formation of micronodules is assumed to be mediated by microorganisms. After accretion of biogenic and additional nonbiogenic minerals, the micronodules assemble to large nodules on the sea floor through additional inclusion of nonbiogenic material.; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; SCI(E); EI; PubMed; 15; ARTICLE; 1; 99-108; 11
语种	英语
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://ir.pku.edu.cn/handle/20.500.11897/197598]
专题	城市与环境学院
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wang, Xiaohong,Schlossmacher, Ute,Wiens, Matthias,et al. Biogenic Origin of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Electron Microscopic and EDX Evidence[J]. marine biotechnology,2009.
APA	Wang, Xiaohong,Schlossmacher, Ute,Wiens, Matthias,Schroeder, Heinz C.,&Mueller, Werner E. G..(2009).Biogenic Origin of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Electron Microscopic and EDX Evidence.marine biotechnology.
MLA	Wang, Xiaohong,et al."Biogenic Origin of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Electron Microscopic and EDX Evidence".marine biotechnology (2009).