| 题名 | 滇南芭蕉河西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）隔离小种群生态及行为适应性研究 |
| 作者 | 倪庆永 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-11 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 蒋学龙 |
| 关键词 | 西黑冠长臂猿 芭蕉河 隔离 行为生态 适应 |
| 其他题名 | Ecological and Behavioral Adaptation of the Western Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor) inhabiting an isolated and disturbed forest fragment at Bajiaohe, Southern Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 2005年10月至2006年10月及2010年10月至2011年11月，我们对云南南部芭蕉河地区（22°54′N，102°58′E）一个西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）隔离小种群进行了研究。芭蕉河长臂猿为滇南地区唯一确定的种群，隔离时间已超过80年。两个年度中，我们主要对其中一个群体的栖息地特征与食物可得性、食性、食物选择、栖息地利用、活动路线选择、时间分配等方面进行了系统记录与分析，并通过与无量山大寨子种群及其它长臂猿物种的比较，对长臂猿在隔离及干扰生境中的生态与行为适应展开讨论，为了解长臂猿与环境之间的联系提供翔实的基础资料，并对片断化斑块中长臂猿种群的保护具有重要的参考意义。 芭蕉河地区森林面积总计94 ha，周边被荒坡、茶园、农田及村庄所包围，两个群体生存于4个森林片段中，林下均有较大面积草果种植，林区受到放牧、草果采收等多种人为干扰。在第一个研究周期中，研究群体——A群包括1成年雌性、1亚成年雌性及1亚成年雄性，而在第二个研究周期中，由于雄性死亡，群体内仅包括两个成年雌性。 通过对A群栖息地的栅格化及乔木层植被的样方调查，共记录乔木85种，隶属28科57属，其中壳斗科（Fagaceae）、樟科（Lauraceae）、省沽油科（Staphyleaceae）及杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）为优势科，大果山香圆（Turpinia pomifera）、桂北木姜子（Litsea subcoriacea）等为优势种。草果种植、地形及片段中人为干扰对乔木层植被结构均有明显影响。与无量山大寨子及哀牢山平河长臂猿栖息地相比，芭蕉河乔木物种数量居于两者之间，而多样性及均匀度指数均较高。三地共记录乔木42科100属217种，但物种组成差异显著，仅13科11属及6个物种为三地共有，这种差异可能对长臂猿食性产生重要影响。 芭蕉河长臂猿共取食62种植物及至少5种动物性食物，两个年周期中，分别有18个及20个物种为芭蕉河长臂猿的重要食物，占年度取食时间的84.4%及89.9%。45个物种在两个年度中均有取食记录，但仅有9种在两个研究周期内均为它们的重要食物。尽管在研究范围内分布有3种榕属植物：苹果榕（Ficus oligodon）、沙坝榕（F. chapaensis）及珍珠榕（F. sarmentosa），且3种植物在两个年度均有果实成熟，但在研究期间未发现长臂猿取食。果实是芭蕉河长臂猿的主要食物类型，在两个年度中取食比例分别为81.4%和77.8%，其次为叶和芽，分别占16.5%和16.2%，花分别占0.7%和2.7%，其它类型占1.4%和3.2%。芭蕉河长臂猿通过一系列的食性调整以适应隔离于干扰生境，如：取食多样化的食物种类及类型、集中于本地可得性较高的种类、在乔木果实缺乏时取食藤本果实或成熟叶。 通过对不同食物类型的化学和营养成分分析及果实特征的测量，对长臂猿食物及果实选择进行了分析。结果表明，长臂猿食物中，果实和花水溶性样含量较高，而叶和芽中粗蛋白含量明显较高，嫩叶相对于成熟叶含有较多的碳水化合物及较高的蛋白纤维比。长臂猿倾向于选择颜色较为鲜艳的果实，或含有多汁的肉质、中等数量的种子及较小的长度，相对于未选择的果实，长臂猿取食的果实含有更多的水溶性糖、总碳水化合物及预测代谢能及较少的中性洗涤纤维。在果实丰富的季节，长臂猿对果实的选择性较强，而果实缺乏时选择性较低。在检验各因素对长臂猿果实选择影响的多元线性回归分析中，仅有果实重量影响较为显著。 芭蕉河长臂猿A群家域面积总计14.5 ha，大多活动于较大的原始林片段，但当果实缺乏或藤本果实丰富时，群体会更多进入另外两个小型片段。两个年周期中，长臂猿平均每天利用0.25 ha栅格13个及12个，对8个及9个栅格的利用分别占总利用时间的41.4%及42.3%，为典型的集中利用模式。栅格进入频次与果实树分布、过夜点分布、样方物种数及平均树高呈显著正相关。两个年度中，长臂猿日活动距离分别为841±301 m及795±241 m，与叶类食物可得性及叶食性比例密切相关。当叶类资源丰富或叶食性比例较高时，长臂猿日活动距离较小。 尽管长臂猿可利用栖息地中的所有栅格，但对其活动路线图的绘制表明，群体只是频繁利用栖息地内的小部分区域，而对部分区域从未利用，这部分区域大部分处于草果种植范围内。长臂猿主要活动路径与过夜点及鸣叫点分布呈现较高的一致性，均倾向于沿山脊走向或位于草果种植区间的空隙。 两个年周期中，芭蕉河长臂猿A群平均每天活动时间为9.4 h和9.6 h，休息占总活动时间的44.6%和48.6%，其次为移动，占32.4%和29.2%，总取食时间占20.4%和19.3%，鸣叫和其它行为仅分别占活动时间的2.5%和2.9%。换算至绝对时间，长臂猿在两个年度用于休息的时间分别达到4.2 h和4.8 h，移动为3.1 h和2.8 h，总取食时间均为1.9 h，鸣叫和其它分别为0.2和0.3 h。雨量、温度及食物可得性均对长臂猿时间分配有明显影响。长臂猿在一天中有两个取食高峰，即上午8时及下午16时，而在中午时段花费较多时间休息。 芭蕉河长臂猿在长期的隔离及干扰生境中产生了一些特殊的行为适应。在果实缺乏季节，群体会取食壳斗科植物薄片青冈（Cyclobalanopsis lamellosa）的果实，并可利用干扰生境中的特有植被（如：香面叶Lindera caudata及芭蕉属植物Musa spp.）取食昆虫，还会利用竹丛及草果通过乔木层间隙。对于不同干扰类型，芭蕉河长臂猿可产生不同行为反应。由于雄性在第二个研究周期前死亡，群体中两个雌性产生了较为特殊的激动鸣叫合唱形式，并且与二重唱中的鸣叫特征相比，在结构、频次及对相邻群体鸣叫的反应等方面均出现明显的改变，这可能与雌性鸣叫的领域防卫功能有关，尤其当雄性缺失后，这种防卫功能被大大加强。 |
| 英文摘要 | A population of the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) inhabiting an isolated and disturbed forest at Bajiaohe (22°54′N，102°58′E) was studied from October 2005 to October 2006 and from October 2010 to November 2011. The two groups, which had been isolated for more than 80 years based on interviews from local elders, might be the last population in southern Yunnan. Habitat characteristics, diet, food selection, habitat use, travel routes and time budget of Group A was recorded, analyzed and compared with the population at Dazhaizi in Mt. Wuliang and other gibbon species. Ecological and behavioral adaptation of the gibbons in isolated and disturbed forest was discussed. This study would provided detailed scientific data for understanding relationships between gibbons and their environments, and would be helpful for conservation of the population in fragmentation. The forest at Bajiaohe, about 94 ha, was surrounded by barren land, tea garden, farm land and human settlements. The two groups survived in four forest fragments, suffering heavy anthropogenic disturbance from grazing by cattle and selective logging for the planting of Fructus Tsaoko (Amomum tsaoko) under the canopy. Group A consisted of one adult female, one subadult female and one subadult male in the first study period (S1). In early 2009, the subadult male appeared to have died from falling out of a tree, so only two adult females were present in Group A during the second study period (S2). A total of 85 tree species from 28 families and 57 genera were recorded in home range of Group A, based on a detailed survey using quadrat sampling method. Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Staphyleaceae and Ericaceae were dominant families and the species was dominated by Turpinia pomifera and Litsea subcoriace. Tree community structure was significantly affected by topography, Tsaoko planting and selective logging. Number of tree species in Bajiaohe was lower than Dazhaizi, but higher than Pinghe, and the highest Shannon-Wiener and Pielou Index were present in Bajiaohe. In total, 217 species from 42 families and 100 genera were recorded in three sites, but only 6 species, 13 families and 11 genera were common among sites. The differences of species composition may have significant effect on diet of the gibbons in each site. The gibbons at Bajiaohe fed upon a total of 62 plant species during the two study periods, of which 56 plant species were identified. The gibbons also preyed on at least five animal species, including insects and bird eggs. Eighteen species in S1 and 20 species in S2 were important food resources for gibbons, contributing 84.4% and 89.9% of annual feeding time respectively.The gibbons consumed 45 species in common between S1 and S2. Nine species, were considered as top food species, which were important resources for gibbons during both periods. Figs were not observed in the diets during either study period although three species of figs (Ficus oligodon, F. chapaensis and F. sarmentosa) were present in the groups’ home range and produced fruit during thestudy. The majority of foods ingested were fruits, accounting for 81.4% and 77.8% of feeding time during the two study periods. Leaves and buds were comprised 16.5% and 16.2% of annual feeding time respectively, while flowers accounted for 0.7% and 2.7%, and others contributed 1.4% and 3.2%. The gibbons in Bajiaohe respond to habitat fragmentation and isolation by consuming a variety of plant species, depending on those that are locally available, and increasing time spent feeding on fruits of trees and lianas rather than increasing time spent consuming leaves. Chemical and nutritional components of different food types and morphological characteristics of fruits were measured for analysis of food and fruit selection. Fruits and flowers were high in water soluble sugar, and leaves and buds were high in crude protein. New leaves were higher in total nonstructural carbohydrates and proportion of protein/acid. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10163]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 倪庆永. 滇南芭蕉河西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）隔离小种群生态及行为适应性研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
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