| 题名 | 云南中部无量山核桃松鼠危害及松鼠种群与生态研究 |
| 作者 | 徐同美 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2012-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 蒋学龙 |
| 关键词 | 无量山 核桃松鼠危害 赤腹松鼠 红颊长吻松鼠 种群动态 |
| 其他题名 | Walnuts Damage by Squirrels, Population and Ecology of squirrels at Wuliang Mounatain, Central Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 核桃具有重要经济价值，是我国山区群众重点发展的经济树种，但随着种植规模的扩大，核桃生产对当地森林保护及生物多样性的影响开始显现。本研究基于对云南山区核桃种植的经济效益、野生动物造成损失及主要危害物种（松鼠）的两次（2009年10月和2010年10月）调查了解，于2011年3月至2012年3月对滇中无量山区景东县漫湾镇昔掌村两个自然村（大村、杀牛村）的核桃种植松鼠危害进行了调查研究。研究期间采用样方法记录核桃的收成和损失量，利用距离取样法调查危害物种（松鼠）的种群数量，同时利用随意取样法对危害物种生态行为进行记录；以监测核桃受危害的程度、掌握危害发生规律，并通过危害物种种群数量及其生态行为研究，探讨松鼠危害防控的策略、核桃生产与生物多样性保护之间的关系，提出核桃松鼠危害防治和生物多样性保护建议。 通过访问与实地样方调查，对调查地区核桃种植规模、产量、松鼠危害量及危害发生时间进行了较为系统的统计与分析，结果显示：至2011年，所调查的41个农户核桃种植面积达153 hm2，其中已挂果的有73 hm2，每户最高收入达9.8万元，实际总收入约108.40万元，因松鼠危害造成的损失近20.00万元，平均户损失率16.64%。在5个核桃样地按五点取样法选择了300株核桃样树，2011年有125株受到松鼠危害：危害均发生在6月中旬至9月中旬，7月至8月为危害高峰期，7月下旬危害最为严重；危害从近自然林的核桃树开始，以近乎完全逐棵吃光式地深入到核桃林内部取食；鼠害程度与核桃林到自然林的距离以及核桃林下草本高度和盖度密切相关。 危害核桃的松鼠主要为赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus）和红颊松鼠（Dremomys rufigenis），前者多在树冠上层取食，而后者多在树冠下层和地面取食。通过连续13个月对在核桃林和自然林样地中危害物种种群数量统计，研究发现：自然林中赤腹松鼠和红颊长吻松鼠平均密度分别达到5.15只/ hm2和2.00只/ hm2；核桃地中若仅考虑松鼠的活动范围，赤腹松鼠种群密度高达43.08只/ hm2，红颊长吻松鼠也达到21.80只/ hm2。危害物种（松鼠）种群在非斑块化自然林中与相邻核桃林中呈现源-汇关系：危害期间，虽核桃林中松鼠不断被捕杀，但核桃林地和周边自然林中的松鼠种群数量仍基本能维持。 利用随意取样法共记录到2934个行为数据，在自然林中两种松鼠时间分配最多的都是移动行为，其次是取食行为；而在核桃林中取食行为所用时间最多，其次是移动行为。两种松鼠均以植食性为主，赤腹松鼠取食43种植物，红颊长吻松鼠取食19种植物，对果实性类型取食次数占各自取食总次数比例最高，分别为77.52%和 94.18%，并在6-9月以核桃果实为主；其次还取食花芽和花，嫩叶和叶，树皮及其它；多种食物类型呈现显著或极显著季节差异。赤腹松鼠和红颊长吻松鼠为同域分布，利用同一生境的空间、食物等资源，赤腹松鼠空间生态位宽度为0.9362远高于红颊长吻松鼠的0.2994，两者重叠度为0.4405；食物资源生态位宽度分别为0.3238和0.2252，重叠度为0.8241，空间资源的重叠度比食物资源高。 在研究地区，核桃松鼠危害不论是总量还是损失率都呈较高水平，给当地群众带来严重经济损失；因危害物种种群数量较大，密度较高，虽然在危害发生时进行驱赶和捕杀，但由于毗邻核桃林的自然林中松鼠种群源源不断的给核桃林地种群提供来源，导致危害量仍然较大。本研究从危害物种的种群生态角分析了核桃松鼠危害程度和危害发生规律，在种植面积较大、劳动力有限的前提下，建议采取在鼠害多发地段、频发时间进行人工干扰，以达到最大程度降低鼠害的目的；同时，建议当地群众在目前的生产规模下，应加强管理，提高单位产量，而不宜再蚕食自然林、破坏自然环境以换取低廉的回报。 |
| 英文摘要 | Walnut is of great economic value plant and becomes one of the most important economical woody species in some mountain areas in China. However, with the expanding of walnut planting scale, its influence to local woodland conservation and biodiversity is now appearing. Based on the interviews to local growers focused on economic profitability, damage, and pest species of walnut-planting in mountain regions of Yunnan province in Oct 2009 and Oct 2010, two natural villages (Dacun village and Shaniucun village) in Xizhang village, Manwan Township, Jingdong County in Wuliang Mountain region, central Yunnan were chosen to be our study sites. Squirrel damage to walnut was monitored in the two natural villages from Mar 2011 to Mar 2012 in sampling sites, distance sampling method was adopted to investigate the squirrels population density, andAd Libitum sampling method was applied to observe ecological behavior of the species. This study is intended to evaluate the walnut damage and understand the damage pattern by squirrels, especially to analyze the correlation among the pest control strategy, walnut production and biodiversity conservation by monitoring the squirrels’ population dynamics and studying their ecological behavior. According to the interviews to local people and observation in filed, we got the data on walnut plantation, production, as well as the damage degree and pattern of squirrel in the study area. The result showed that the 41 families owned 153 hm2 of walnut cultivation in 2011, of which almost half wlnut trees (73 hm2) are in fruiting. The total revenue was 1.08 million yuan and maximum family income was 98,000 yuan. The total economic loss due to squirrel damage was nearly 200,000 yuan and the average familly loss rate was 16.64%, 125 out of 300 walnut trees selected with five-point sampling method at five sampling walnut field were damaged by squirrels. The damage period was from Mid-June to mid-September, and the most serious damage occurred in July and August. The squirrels almost extirpated all walnuts tree by tree from natural forest. The distance to natural forest, the height and the cover rate of the grass in walnut plantation are the main factors affecting the damage degree in sampling sites. Red-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) and red-cheecked squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis) are dominant species causing damages. The red-bellied squirrel mainly eats walnuts in upper part of the crown and the red-cheecked squirrel often forages in lower part or even on the ground. The two species population dynamics in natural forest and walnuts forest was monitored for 13 consecutive months, which turned out that the population destiny of the red-bellied squirrel in the natural forest is 5.15 ind./hm2 and in walnuts field is 43.08 ind./hm2, while that of red-cheecked squirrel in the two type forest is 2.00/hm2 and 21.80 ind/hm2 respectively. Squirrel population in the natural forest and the adjacent walnut field showed a source - sink relationship: in the season of squirrel damage occurring, although squirrels in the walnut field were captured or killed consecutively, no change of the population density was found. During the field study, I also noted 2934 feeding records using Ad Libitum sampling method. In the natural forest, the two squirrel species both spent most of their time in moving and followed by feeding, but in the walnut field we found a opposite pattern with more time in feeding than in moving. The two squirrels mainly fed on fruits, and more walnuts from June to September, but fruits composing 77.52% and 94.18% in the diet of red-bellied squirrels and red-cheeked squirrels respectively. The two squirrels are sympatric in the study area and use the same habitat, but the red-bellied squirrels’ spatial niche breadth was 0.9362, much higher than that of the red-cheeked squirrels’ (0.2994), and the niche overlap was 0.4405. However, the food niche breadth was 0.3238 and 0.2252 respectively, and the niche overlap was 0.8241. This result indicates that the spatial niche overlap is much higher than the food niche overlap in the two species. In the study area, both the total walnut loss and the loss rate caused by squirrels reached a high level, and the squirrels have brought a serious economic loss to local farmers. The large number and the high population density of the squirrels in the surrounding natural forests became the pest source to the walnut plantation since the squirrels maintained a relative stable population in walnut lands. Based on the population dynamics, activity patterns pest species (squirrels), we suggested that the local farmers take the efficient artificial interferences in the time (peak time activity in a day and specific months in a year) and sites of frequent and/or serious damage occurred to reduce the loss in the situation of large plantation area and limited human resources. At the same time, we recommend that the local people should improve management for increasing the yield per unit area instead of continuing expanding planting area by destroying the natural forest. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2012-07-02 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6983]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 徐同美. 云南中部无量山核桃松鼠危害及松鼠种群与生态研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2012. |
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