QQ客服 官方微博 反馈留言

题名	云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿（Nomascus concolorjingdongensis）生态与行为研究
作者	范朋飞
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2007-06
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	蒋学龙
关键词	无量山 黑长臂猿 行为 生态 保护
其他题名	The Ecology and Behavior of Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Wuliang Mountain, Central Yunnan, China
学位专业	动物学
中文摘要	从2003年3月到2006年5月期间，在云南中部无量山大寨子（24°21′N, 100°42′E）对一个黑长臂猿种群进行了研究。2003年3月至2004年3月主要研究了3个群体的鸣叫行为。2005年3月一个群体被习惯化，随后对其进行了14个月的连续观察。在此期间，主要对食性、时间分配、栖息地选择和利用、过夜地及过夜树的选择等方面进行了研究。这些资料将有助于了解黑长臂猿对其高海拔、高纬度、季节性变化明显栖息地的适应性，并且对了解长臂猿独特的社会结构具有重要意义。另外，本研究结合获得的行为生态方面的数据，通过漩涡模型（VORTEX）对该种群未来动态进行了模拟，对大寨子种群的保护和发展提出了保护建议。 黑长臂猿叫声在所有长臂猿中频率最高。成年雄性能发出boom、简单重复音节和调节音节；成年雌性只能发出成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫。两者互相配合组成结构复杂的二重唱，配对个体很少单独鸣叫，青年个体经常会加入二重唱。同一群内两个成年雌性多数时候一起鸣叫。配对个体平均两天鸣叫一次（53%），每次鸣叫平均持续时间12.9分钟，雌性激动鸣叫4.6次，激动鸣叫的平均时间间隔为115秒，91.5%的鸣叫发生在日出前半小时和日出后3小时之间。通过对相邻群体间鸣叫行为的分析，结果发现相邻群体倾向于不在同一天鸣叫，如果同一天鸣叫，鸣叫的时间间隔显著长于不在同一天鸣叫的时间间隔，这些结果不支持鸣叫具有调节群体空间距离的功能（inter-group spacing）的假说。雄性倾向选择一个区域内最高的树进行鸣叫，这可能是为了声音的远距离传播。另外雄性对鸣叫树的选择也兼顾了安全因素。通过比较鸣叫前后个体间的距离，黑长臂猿的鸣叫具有群内通讯的功能，鸣叫后个体间的距离显著短于鸣叫前的距离。虽然鸣叫树的分布与食物斑块的分布在不同海拔段和不同网格内都呈现出了高度的相关性，但不能确定黑长臂猿在食物斑块附近进行鸣叫就是为了对食物资源进行防御。 利用扫描法对研究群体的食性和时间分配进行了研究。结果显示研究群体共取食77种植物和至少6种动物，其中10种重要食物占到取食比例的76.7%。在10396次确定食物类别的记录中，除无花果外的其它果实占25.5%，藤子叶和芽占21.0%，树叶和芽占19.2%，无花果占18.6%，花占9.1%，寄生植物的叶占6.3%，另外其它食物占0.3%。黑长臂猿的食性具有明显的日变化和季节性变化。与其它长臂猿相比，黑长臂猿的食性更加广泛。虽然黑长臂猿进食叶（藤子的叶和芽、树叶和芽、寄生植物的叶）的比例稍多于进食果实（无花果和其它果实）的比例，但当果实丰富时，它们仍然优先选择果实。 黑长臂猿平均在日出后33分钟离开过夜树，在日落前128分钟进入过夜树，平均每天活动518分钟。活动期间，黑长臂猿用于休息的时间最多，达到40.0%，其次是取食28.7%，排在第三的是移动19.8%，排在第四的是觅食占到6.1%，鸣叫占2.6%，玩耍和其它活动一共占活动时间的2.8%。时间分配具有明显的日变化和季节性变化。食物和温度因素是影响黑长臂猿时间分配季节性变化的最主要的原因。 群体一共利用129个1公顷的网格，如果包含在活动路线内的空隙，活动范围达到151公顷，主要由3个大的山沟组成。黑长臂猿平均每天移动1391米，进入9个网格，连续两天倾向于利用家域中的同一条山沟。群体平均每月仅利用家域的19%~50%，集中利用家域中的小部分区域，除2月份外群体总是选择利用原始常绿阔叶林。形成这种现象的原因主要与食物的分布及其季节性变化有关、并且与该群生活地区的地形有关。 黑长臂猿喜欢选择高大的，生长在陡坡上的树过夜，群体一般形成4个不同的小单元过夜（青年个体与成年雄性睡在一起，两个成年雌性与未独立的婴猿分别睡在一起，亚成年雄性单独过夜），过夜时总是快速进入过夜树，然后立即安静下来，利用很多棵不同的过夜树，并且间隔很长时间后才重复利用，这些行为都是为了避免被捕食者发现和攻击。群体喜欢在山坡上过夜，并且在冬天喜欢选择在长有寄生植物的大树枝上过夜，这些行为可能与研究地点冬天的低气温有关。此外，过夜树的选择可能兼顾舒适和方便寻找食物的功能。 通过获得的生态学资料，结合近缘种生态学参数，利用漩涡模型（VORTEX）对该种群未来动态进行了模拟。结果显示：大寨子亚种群是一个具有很强的潜在繁殖力的种群，如果没有偷猎，亚种群在100a之内不会灭绝，并且能迅速达到环境容纳量。但是每年如果有1只成年雄性和1只成年雌性被猎杀，该种群将会在第78a灭绝，且灭绝概率为100%。不同程度的死亡率对种群影响不大，但高死亡率显著延缓了种群到达环境容纳量的时间。环境容纳量对种群遗传多样性损失具有重要的影响，在没有猎杀的情况下，种群的长期存活需要一个较大的环境容纳量。因此，在黑长臂猿受到严格保护、且栖息地主要在保护区内的今天，严密监控火灾的发生，限制牲畜进入林区等人为干扰的影响，保护好黑长臂猿栖息地是首要工作之一。但如果能使其栖息地周围的森林植被得到恢复，增加其栖息范围，将有利于该地区黑长臂猿的发展。
英文摘要	The ecology and behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) was studied from March 2003 to April 2006 at Dazhaizi (24°21′N, 100°42′E) Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, China. The singing behavior of 3 groups (G1, G2, and G3) was monitored from March 2003 to March 2004. One group was finally habituated in March 2005. From then on, ecological and behavioral observations were conducted for 14 months (until April 2006) and obtain a total of 845 contact hours. So a quantity of ecological and behavioral data on diet, time budget, ranging behavior, habitat use, sleeping trees and sleep-related behavior was collected. In addition, the data on population size, mating system, birth intervals, death rate, carrying capacity and cases of catastrophe were also collected to simulate population dynamics of the black crested gibbon at Dazhaizi with the computer program Vortex 9.14. The adults of black crested gibbon exploited the highest frequency range to give out loud morning songs in all gibbons. The two adult females in each group could produce great calls synchronously. The black crested gibbons sang on average 53% of days monitored, and 1.09 duet bouts per singing day. 91.5% of the duets were produced between half an hour before and three hours after the sunrise. The average duration of the duets was 12.9 minutes, and females produced 4.6 great calls in each duet bout, the intervals between two successive great calls were generally 115 seconds. Starting time, duration of the duets and the number of female great calls did not show significant seasonal variations. There was no significant difference in the duration and frequency of the duet bouts, but there was significant difference in the number of the great calls and intervals between great calls among groups. Neighboring groups did not tend to sing on the same day. Although they sang on the same day, the study groups seldom started duets when the neighbor was singing or within 5 minutes after the singing stopped. The intervals of two groups singing on the same day were similar or significantly longer than intervals between song bouts randomly selected from the two same groups but singing on different days. We concluded that a group’s duet could not elicit its neighbor to duet. The male gibbons tended to select high tree to sing. The individuals decreased distance after the duets which suggested the duet play the group-cohesion function. Data on feeding patterns were collected by scan sampling at 5-min intervals. Gibbons consumed 77 different plants and at least six animals. Buds and leaves constituted 46.5% of the diet. Fruits and figs accounted for 25.5% and 18.6% of the diet respectively; while flowers and other plant parts contributed 9.1% and 0.3%. The gibbons tended to eat more fruits and figs during the first and last hour of the day. There was marked seasonal variation in food choice, and fruits, leaves and flowers were each predominant at different months of a year. Seasonal variation in availability of figs and fruits may be the primary factor in the gibbons’ food selection. The diet of N. C. jingdongensis contains more leaves when compared to the diets of other gibbons with the exception of siamangs. To ensure the continued survival of the population, the annual important food resources and the main food species in each month must be protected. On average, the group left sleeping trees 33 min. after sunrise and retreated back sleeping sites 128 min. before sunset. The gibbons spent 40.0% of the time resting, 28.7% feeding, 19.8% traveling, 6.1% foraging, 2.6% singing, and 2.8% in other activities. During the course of the day, feeding and foraging manifested a bimodal pattern of high activity levels in the middle morning and the middle afternoon, while resting reached a peak in the midday, with proportionally less time used for traveling. The proportion of time allocated to activities showed significant seasonal variations. The gibbons increased traveling and playing time and decreased feeding time when they ate more fruit, on the contrary, they spent less time in traveling and playing time and more time in feeding when they ate more leaves. The gibbons reduced their traveling time and increased their resting time when the temperature was low. The group entered 129 1-ha quadrats; however, if the lacunae within the borders of this area in which gibbons were not observed were included, the group’s home range would cover 151 ha. The home range consisted of 3 big valleys. Daily distances travelled varied greatly, averagely 1391 m (range: 300~3144m，SD=703m). It was negatively correlated with the feeding time and the proportion of leaves in the diet, and positively correlated with the proportion of fruit in the diet.The gibbons concentrated 69.7% of their activities in 29 particular quadrats. Besides February 2006, the group always selected primary forest. Food distribution, dietary proportions and topography were the main factors which influenced the ranging behavior of the study group. Individuals preferred specific areas to sleep; all the sleeping sites were situated in primary forest with most of them (77%) between 2,200 - 2,400 m in elevation. Individuals tended to select tall, thick trees with large crowns on steep slopes (mean: 54°, range: 35-80°, SD=11.1°) to spend the night. Few sleeping trees were selected repeatedly by the same or other members of the group. The gibbons entered the sleeping trees 128 minutes before sunset (on average at 17:02 h) and left the sleeping trees 33minutes after sunrise (on average at 7:59 h). The time period between first and last individual entering was average 17.8 min. Members of the group usually formed four units (adult male and juvenile, two adult females with their dependent infants, and the sub-adult male) spread out in different sleeping trees. So the sleep-related behaviors were thought to adapt to minimize the risk of being detected by predators, and the choice of sleeping tree made it difficult to approach and attack for predators and provided an easy route for gibbons to escape in the dark. In addition to avoidance of predation, maintaining warmth was another factor in the selection of sleeping sites for black crested gibbons. Results of the population dynamics of simulation from VORTEX MODEL (ver. 914) suggested that in the absence of poaching the population would reach carrying capacity within the next 100 years. However, a modest harvest of one male and one adult female each year would result in the population going extinct within 78 years. The time to carrying capacity of 100 years is the result of the high mortality rate experienced by this population. Loss of genetic diversity would be greater if the population remained low or well below carrying capacity rather than if allowed to reach carrying capacity. The results suggested that long-term survival, in the absence of poaching, was primarily limited by the carrying capacity of Dazhaizi. Therefore, to protect the population was dependent on the prevention of poaching and a reduction or complete cessation of habitat loss. One important step in reducing habitat loss promoting forest regeneration will be to restrict domestic animals in the habitat of black crested gibbon. In addition it will be crucial to protect and improve corridors connecting this population to surrounding populations.
语种	中文
公开日期	2010-10-14
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6113]
专题	昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	范朋飞. 云南中部无量山大寨子黑长臂猿（Nomascus concolorjingdongensis）生态与行为研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2007.

个性服务

查看访问统计

相关权益政策

暂无数据

收藏/分享

除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。