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题名	绿柱石类和天然氧化物类宝石及古代玉器的无损分析研究
作者	王凯
学位类别	硕士
答辩日期	2015
授予单位	中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所
导师	干福熹
关键词	绿柱石: 天然氧化物宝石 古代玉器 无损分析技术 科技考古
其他题名	Nondestructive analysis of beryl and natural oxide gems and ancient jade
中文摘要	随着珠宝市场的兴起，绿柱石作为一种天然宝石，受到人们越来越多的关注，尤其以海蓝宝石和祖母绿尤为突出。海蓝宝石以其稀有、鲜艳和色彩纯正最为珍贵，其中颜色如深海般的海蓝宝石收藏价值最高。祖母绿以其清翠的绿色被称为“绿色宝石之王”，是绿柱石中最为重要和名贵的品种。传统的有损分析方法破坏宝石的完整性，不适合对宝石样品进行检测。无损分析技术能够准确、快速地确定宝石的化学成分、物相和结构，迎合了市场需要，具有广阔的应用前景。无损分析技术除了应用于宝石分析鉴定之外，在考古领域也得到越来越多的重视。出土文物作为研究古代社会文化、经济、生活、礼仪等的一种重要对象，其本身具有不可再生的特性，因此针对文物的分析也只能使用无损分析技术。 首先，本文利用便携式能量色散型X射线荧光(pXRF)、X射线衍射（XRD）、激光 Raman光谱（LRS）等无损分析技术分别对14件天然绿柱石类宝石和3件变石样品的化学成分、结构和物相进行了分析研究。为弥补pXRF对轻元素测量上的不足，探索应用飞秒激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）对部分样品中的轻元素Be和Li进行了定性分析。同时，利用电子顺磁共振（EPR）技术对14件绿柱石宝石样品进行分析，并结合化学成分，研究了Cr3+、V3+、Fe3+等离子的致色机理。此外，还根据I型水、II型水Raman光谱的相对强度对样品中碱金属的存在形式进行了讨论。结合pXRF和LRS对氧化物宝石进行鉴定，成功区分了天然和人工合成的宝石以及石榴石的亚类。本文研究将为无损分析技术在珠宝市场中的应用提供重要的参考信息。 其次，本文利用pXRF、Raman和便携式Raman光谱仪对河南省新郑市天成墓地出土的古代玉器作了无损分析研究。pXRF和便携式Raman光谱仪能够准确、快速的识别玉器的材料和物相，且这两台仪器操作简单、体积小，可用于做现场原位、无损分析。共焦Raman光谱仪能够弥补便携式Raman光谱仪在光谱分辨率、测量精度、测量误差以及测量范围等方面的不足，在实验室环境下利用共焦Raman光谱仪对古代玉器样品开展了细致深入的研究。同时，利用光学相干层析成像技术（OCT）分析了古代玉器的透明度和玉石纤维，并结合共焦Raman光谱仪，对玉石中的各类包裹体进行的物相结构研究。上述研究表明，利用无损分析技术可以获得文物样品的综合物理化学信息，并能够满足考古工作，包括现场快速分析和实验室深入分析的研究要求。
英文摘要	With the grouping up of the jewelry market, as a nature gem, beryl has attracted more and more attention, especially the aquamarine and emerald. Aquamarine is precious for its rare, bright and pure color, and has the very high value for collection, which the color like the deep sea, Emerald is known as “the king of the green gem” on account of its verdant green. As the traditional analysis methods are always destructive, this will damage the integrity of the gem. A kind of nondestructive, precise and fast method is propitious to identify the gem, which caters to the needs of the market and has a broad application prospect. In addition to the application in gem identification, the nondestructive analysis technology gets more and more attention in archaeology. As a target to study the ancient society, unearthed cultural relics are non renewable. Therefore, we can only use the nondestructive analysis methods to research the cultural relics. In this paper, the chemical composition, structure and mineral phase of 14 beryl and 3 alexandrite samples were analyzed by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) respectively. To make up the insufficiency of the pXRF measurement, the light element (Be, Li) was qualitatively analyzed by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Combined with chemical composition, the coloration mechanism of Cr3+, V3+ and Fe3+ were investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR). According to the result of Raman spectra, the forms of alkali metal ions in samples were discussed by the relative intensity of I-type and II-type water. At the same time, oxide gems were identified by pXRF and LRS, we successfully distinguished between natural and synthetic gemstones, and the garnet subgroup. All these results can provide the useful information for the application of non-destructive techniques in jewelry market. In the second part, ancient jade, unearthed from the Tiancheng cemetery in Xinzheng City, Henan Province, were researched by the nondestructive analysis technology. The chemical composition, mineral phase of ancient jade artifacts could be determined accurately through the combination of pXRF and portable Raman spectrometer in a short time. With the advantages of small size and easy-operation, these two instruments are suitable to in situ nondestructive analysis. The confocal Raman spectroscopy can compensate for the portable Raman spectrometer on the spectral resolution, measurement accuracy, measurement error and the measurement range. Therefore, in the laboratory, it is used to carry out a detailed in-depth study on these jade. We can use the OCT to analyze the transparency, fiber fineness and inclusion etc. of the jade artifacts. Combing with the confocal laser Raman spectroscopy，we can research on the phase structure of various inclusion. Through the research we think that the nondestructive analysis technologies can be achieved on the identification and analysis of cultural relic and meet the requirements of field archaeological work.
语种	中文
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://ir.siom.ac.cn/handle/181231/16907]
专题	上海光学精密机械研究所_学位论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	王凯. 绿柱石类和天然氧化物类宝石及古代玉器的无损分析研究[D]. 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所. 2015.

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