| 题名 | 多光子干涉及其应用研究 |
| 作者 | 邱婧 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 |
| 导师 | 韩申生 |
| 关键词 | 自发参量下转换 光子干涉 消色散 时钟同步与定位 |
| 其他题名 | Multi-photon interference and its applicaion |
| 中文摘要 | 干涉现象，不管是经典干涉，还是量子干涉，都在物理学的发展过程中占据着非常重要的地位。在经典物理学中，干涉现象使人们对于波的特性有了充分的认识。而在量子力学框架中，量子干涉作为量子力学的基本问题，是区别于量子物理与经典牛顿物理体系的关键所在。在人们对光从波动性到波粒二象性的认识所经历的漫长过程中，干涉现象起到了非常重要的作用。费曼在他著名的费曼物理学讲义中曾讲到，干涉现象占据着量子理论的核心，她是唯一的谜。 随着我们在21世纪对量子世界的不断深入，量子信息领域得到了蓬勃发展。光子由于具有环境消相干作用小，易于操纵等优点，在该领域中得到广泛使用。就其物理本质而言，在量子信息领域所进行的光子操作就是建立在某些干涉模型上的光子干涉。比如单光子量子密钥分配的光学部分是一种单光子干涉；而利用线性光学的方法来完成的量子计算则是多光子干涉现象。反过来，利用光子的干涉过程也是一种量子操作过程。除此之外，近三十年来多光子干涉在量子计量、量子消色散以及量子时钟同步与定位等领域中的研究和应用也吸引着研究人员的浓厚兴趣，因此对光子干涉现象的研究将为其在量子信息及其他相关领域中的应用提供更好的方法。基于以上研究背景，论文主要在以下几个方面开展了工作： 一、提出一种通过调节二阶干涉来实现二阶和四阶复合干涉的双光子干涉仪。将自发参量下转换过程产生的频率反关联的光子对与由两个独立光子组成的光子对分别入射到这个干涉仪中所产生的不同干涉现象进行对比，我们发现在频率反关联的光子对入射的情况下，二阶干涉与四阶干涉既可以在不同的区域分别出现，也可以以组合的形式在其他区域同时出现；但是在两个独立光子入射的情况下，二阶干涉和四阶干涉现象可以在不同的区域分别出现，甚至二阶干涉可以覆盖四阶干涉，但是两者不会以组合的方式同时出现。两种不同的干涉现象出现的原因是由泵浦光和光子对的相干时间共同决定的。通过HOM干涉和Franson干涉共同作用产生的量子拍，我们可以实现三种时间尺度的测量：远超单光子波包相干时间 (即泵浦光的相干时间)尺度的测量，单光子波包相干时间尺度（由频谱宽度决定）的测量，和小于相干时间尺度（由频率差决定）的测量。相关工作发表在Optics Communications和Photonics Research上。 二、随着对量子消色散现象研究的不断深入，我们提出了一种通过偏振后选择的方法使色散的奇数阶项和偶数阶项分别得到消除的双光子干涉仪。将II型自发参量下转换产生的偏振方向垂直的频率反关联的光子对引入到一个Mach-Zehnder(MZ)干涉仪，通过调节置于探测器前面的偏振片的角度，可以实现MZ和Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM)干涉仪之间的转换，从而实现奇数阶色散和偶数阶色散现象的分别消除。我们还讨论了四光子干涉效应在消色散领域的应用。在该方案中，不仅可以观察到色散的奇数阶项和偶数阶项在不同的区域分别得到消除的现象，并且通过将该四光子干涉消色散方案与双光子干涉消色散进行比对，可以发现四光子干涉在分辨率上可以提高一倍。相关工作发表在Journal of the Optical Society of America B和Chinese Optics Letters上。 三、在光子干涉效应在量子时钟同步与定位领域的应用研究中，我们搭建了基于频率纠缠的1550nm通讯波段的时钟同步原理演示实验，得到了百皮秒的测量分辨率。搭建了基于HOM干涉的量子定时定位平台，可以使定位系统的测量分辨率可达到亚毫米量级，相应的定时系统的测量分辨率可以到亚皮秒量级。 |
| 英文摘要 | Interference, no matter classical or quantum, has been playing an important part in the development of physics. In classical physics, interference phenomenon helps people to have full understanding of waves. In quantum physics, interference, as a fundamental phenomenon of quantum mechanics, is what makes quantum physics different from classical Newtonian physics. Interference has a significant role in the long procedure to the understanding and developing of the wave-particle duality of light. Feynman has referred to interference phenomenon in his well-known lecture series on physics that “has in it the heart of quantum mechanics”, “it contains the only mystery” of quantum mechanics. As we explore into the quantum regime in the 21st century, quantum information has been booming and has made significant progress. Photons have been widely used because of their small environmental decoherence effect and easily to be manipulated. The manipulation of photon state is essentially based on photon interference effect. For example, the optical part of single photon quantum distribution protocol is a single photon interferometer. The quantum computation with linear optics is kind of multi-photon interference. Conversely, all the manipulation on photons can be regarded as the operation of qubit. Moreover, in the recent three decades, multi-photon interference has attracted much more interests from researchers in the fields such as quantum metrology, quantum dispersion cancellation and quantum clock synchronization. This thesis has the following parts, all of which are based on the theory of multi-photon interference and its application: 1. We show that two kinds of interferences, the second- and the fourth-order interferences, can arise in either separate or combined forms in different regions by tuning the time delay in a single interferometer continuously. It is also demonstrated that two individual photons behave differently from time–energy entangled photons in this interferometer. This example elucidates clearly that biphoton phenomena are different from the phenomena with two photons. 2. We show that by implementing a delicate design in a Mach–Zehnder (MZ) interferometer, we can observe the cancellation of even- and odd-order dispersion by twisting the polarizers placed in front of two single-photon detectors. This polarization post-selection scheme demonstrates that the MZ and Hong-Ou-Mandle (HOM) interferogram can be obtained in different cases in a single MZ interferometer. In this part, we also demonstrate a four-photon quantum interferometry in which we can not only observe the even-order dispersion cancellation effect but also the odd-order cancellation. Importantly, the four-photon scheme can get a much better resolution than the two-photon case and help us get a better understanding of the interference phenomenon in a four-photon interferometry. 3. We show a proof of principle experiment on distant quantum clock synchronization using entangled photon pairs in the 1550 nm telecommunication band and get a subnanosecond resolution. We also set up a quantum clock synchronization and positioning experiment platform based on HOM interference, in which we achieve submillimeter resolution in positioning and subpicosecond resolution in clock synchronization. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.siom.ac.cn/handle/181231/15928]  |
| 专题 | 上海光学精密机械研究所_学位论文 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 邱婧. 多光子干涉及其应用研究[D]. 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所. 2015. |
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