| 题名 | 北京城市绿地草坪昆虫群落及其对景观格局变化的响应 |
| 作者 | 苏芝敏 |
| 学位类别 | 博士后 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-07 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 欧阳志云 |
| 关键词 | 城市绿地，昆虫多样性，物种密度，吸虫器法，景观格局，斑块面积，， Urban green space, Insect diversity, Species density, Suction trapping, Landscape pattern, Patch area |
| 其他题名 | Insect Community on the Lawn and its Response to the Changes of Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Beijing |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 中国城市化已进入关键发展阶段，2011年中国内地城市化率首次突破50%，预计到2030年中国城市人口将超过9亿。北京，作为中国的首善之区，其城区在近 30多年扩张了6倍，城市化速度之快堪称典型。快速城市化的过程必然伴随着城市景观的剧烈变化。城市绿地既是城市生物物种的重要涵养场所，也是反映景观格局变化的重要单元。因此，开展关于北京城市绿地景观格局与生物多样 性的关系研究，可为中国乃至全世界的其它城市提供典范。 本研究以城市绿地草坪中的昆虫为研究对象，于 2012和2013年7月利用改进的吸虫器法对北京城区 45个绿地斑块进行为期两年的系统调查，同时计算各调查斑块及其周边 500 m缓冲区内的三类景观格局指数，分析了不同绿地类型和城市绿地景观格局对昆虫多样性的影响，主要结果如下： （1）北京城区绿地草坪昆虫群落特征 北京城市绿地中的昆虫种类较为多样。本研究从1620个样方中，共采集到昆虫 11211只，隶属于11目98科213种，以半翅目、双翅目和膜翅目是三个最常见、丰富度最高的类群，以盲蝽、缘蝽、叶蝉、蝇类和寄生蜂为主要种类。三类食性的昆虫个体数依次是植食性>杂食性>肉食性，个体数比例约为 11：6：3；而昆虫多样性指数则为植食性>肉食性>杂食性。 （2）北京城区绿地昆虫空间分布格局 单个调查地点的昆虫物种数来看，每个绿地斑块至少有 8个物种，超过一半的调查地点昆虫物种数在 20–40种之间。各环城带草坪中的昆虫物种密度之间并没有显著差异。对优势类群空间分布进行分析发现，半翅目在西四环内外几个大面积又缺乏人工管理的绿地斑块中的个体数明显高于其它斑块。城市绿地的植被种植类型对草坪上的昆虫具有一定的影响，人工草坪中的昆虫物种密度显著低 于野生杂草。 （3）城市绿地类型对昆虫多样性的影响 无论是总群落还是分绿地类型亚群落，昆虫物种多度均符合对数正态分布，估计昆虫群落总物种数为 320种。从分绿地类型亚群落来看，不同绿地类型中的昆虫在数量上（包括物种丰富度和多样性指数）有一定的差异，但未达到显著水平。居住区绿地的昆虫物种丰富度最高；公园绿地的物种丰富度最低，但物种丰富度仍然呈上升趋势。从昆虫种类构成和群落结构上，不同绿地类型之间存在显 著的差异，荒地与其它 5种类型的差异最明显。 （4）城市绿地景观格局对昆虫物种密度的影响 从物种密度的角度探讨绿地景观格局与生物多样性之间的关系，结果发现斑块形状和面积、景观组成和配置是城市绿地中物种密度的重要影响因素。斑块面积、连接度、平均最近邻体距离、景观多样性指数和面积加权平均形状指数等5个景观变量在解释昆虫物种密度变异中具有显著的独立贡献，分别解释了 19.9%、13.9%、13.8%、11.0%和 8.3%的物种密度变异。斑块面积越大、连接度和形状指数越高，绿地斑块中的昆虫物种密度越低。不考虑连接度和形状指数的情况下，最高的物种密度出现在面积小于 500 m2的绿地斑块中。 这些结果表明：（1）北京城市生态系统中的昆虫种类多样，但是个别优势类群也非常明显，特别是具刺吸式口器的植食性昆虫种群优势度高，容易对植物造成危害，需预防其种群暴发而成为主要害虫。（2）城市绿地类型对昆虫群落没有显著的影响，合理地配置和管理城市中的不同绿地类型，可能有利于提高城市绿地的总体昆虫多样性。（3）改善一些被认为对生物保护具有重要作用的生境质量因子——如斑块面积和连接度等——实际上未必能达到预期的保护效果；在进行城市规划时应同时考虑本地生境质量和周边景观组成的改善。 |
| 英文摘要 | China’s urbanization reached a historic point in 2011 when, for the first time, the urban population exceeded the rural population, a rapid trend that will be maintained in the coming 20 years. Beijing, as the capital and second largest city of China, is a typical example of urban development. The process of urbanization has progressed sharply in recent decades, with urban areas expanding nearly six-fold over the last 30 years, more so than during the previous 3000 years. The rapid urbanization process is often accompanied by the dramatic changes in the urban landscape. Urban green space is an important refuge of biodiversity in urban areas, and it is also the important unit reflexing the landscape pattern change. Therefore, understanding the biodiversity–urbanization relationships in Beijing may provide a suitable model for other cities in China, and even the world. In this study, we collected insects from 45 green patches in Beijing during July in 2012 and 2013 using suction sampling. Eleven environmental variables, sorted into three categories — local patch characteristics, landscape composition and landscape configuration — were calculated within a radius of 500 m around each surveyed green patch. We examined the effects of different green space types and landscape pattern on insect diversity. The main results are as follows: 1. Characteristics of insect community in urban green space of Beijing Urban green spaces of Beijing harbor lots of insect species. A total of 11211 individuals of insect were collected, belonging to 213 species, 98 families, 11 orders. Hemiptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera were the three most abundant orders. The dominant groups include Miridae, Coreidae, leafhoppers, flies and parasitoids. Insect individual number was followed by herbivorous (6169)>omnivorous (3398)>carnivorous (1644), the ratio of the number of individuals about 11:6:3; while insect diversity index was followed by herbivorous > carnivorous > omnivorous. 2. Spatial distribution pattern of insect in urban green space of Beijing Each green patche had at least eight insect species. In more than half of the surveyed patches, insect species numbers ranged from 20 to 40. There was no significant difference in species density among different urban zones. The vegetation types of urban green space had a certain effect on insect diversity, and the insect species density in artificial lawns was significantly lower than that in the wild ones. 3. Effects of urban green space types on insect diversity Octave-based relative abundance plots for all types of green space produced convincing lognormal distributions. The theoretical total number of species in the universe being sampled was 320. Among different types of green space, insect species richness and diversity indices were different,but not to a significant level.In residential green space, the curves of the observed richness and two richness estimates based on Michaelis-Menten equation and ACE was highest than that in other green space, and those of park green space were lowest. However, uniques and duplicates curves for park and street green space were rising. Insect community composition varied significantly among different green space types (adonis, F = 2.098, P = 0.002), with the vacant land significantly different from all the other green space types. 4. Effects of urban green space landscape pattern on insect species density It was found that insect species density was significantly affected by patch characteristics (patch shape and area of urban green space), landscape composition (Shannon diversity index) and landscape configuration (Connectivity). The results the hierarchical partitioning analysis indicated that five explanatory variables, i.e., patch area (with 19.9% independent effects), connectivity (13.9%), distance to nearest patch (13.8%), diversity for patch types (11.0%), and patch shape (8.3%), significantly contributed to insect species density. With the partial least squares regression model,we found species density was negatively related to patch area, shape, connectivity,diversity for patch types and proportion of impervious surface at the significance level of p < 0.05, and positively related to proportion of vegetated land. Regression tree analysis further showed that the highest species density was found in green patches with an area <500 m2. These results indicated that: (1) Urban green spaces of Beijing harbor lots of insect species, but some individual dominant groups is also very obvious that it is needed to prevent the population from outbreaking. (2) Different types of urban green space have no significant effect on insect communities. Rational allocation and management of different green types may be conducive to improve the overall insect diversity of urban green space. (3) Improvement in habitat quality, such as patch area and connectivity that are typically thought to be important for conservation, did not actually increase species density. However, increasing compactness (low-edge) of patch shape and landscape composition did have the expected effect. Therefore, it is recommended that the composition of the surrounding landscape should be considered simultaneously with planned improvements in local habitat quality. |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34372]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 苏芝敏. 北京城市绿地草坪昆虫群落及其对景观格局变化的响应[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
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